Principle of Earth Science Essay

The three stages according from the oldest to the youngest formation are granite, basalt and lastly andesite formation. This will discuss about the formation, composition, type of intrusion and cooling history of each stages. The granite formation is the oldest stage since granite is formed usually beneath the crust about 1. 5 km up to 50 km depth. Primarily, granite is composed of silicon and alumina about 72. 04% and 14. 42%, respectively. The formation of granite occurs through extreme metasomatism. Through metasomatism, elements are brought out by fluids like potassium and calcium to convert the metamorphic rock to granite. According to Himanshu K. Sachan (1999), granite in the northern Himalaya starts its cooling history at 705 Â °C and continued up to 650 Â °C in the range of 1. 2–2. 8 kbar. The next stage is the basalt formation. Basalt is composed of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and low amount of silicon, sodium oxide and potassium oxide. The formation of basalt occurs when there is a volcanic eruption either under or above the. Mostly the formation of basalt occurs underneath the sea. Through the introduction of water the magma hardens to form the basalt. Basalt forms between 50km up to 100 km depth within the mantle and 150 km up to 200 km for some high-alumina basalt. The next stage will be andesite. The youngest of the formation is the perpendicular andesite. After basalt, the most common volcanic rock would be he andesite. The main composition of andesite is silica about 57%. Andesite is formed either by frictional crystallization or magma mixing with felsic rhyolitic. Melting and assimilation of rock fragments by rising magma to the surface form andesite.

Examine how Atwood presents Offred’s sense of self in “The Handmaid’s Tale”

Sense of self can be defined by the â€Å"roles, attributes, behaviours, and associations that we consider most important about our selves†. 1 Atwood wrote â€Å"The Handmaid's Tale† during the 80s; (1986 to be precise) an era of ‘power-dressing'. A key icon of the ‘power-dressing' was the wife of the American president, Nancy Reagan, who wore outfits with huge shoulder pads, making her look more masculine. Famous women like her encapsulated what the women of the time aspired to be: rich, beautiful, intelligent and powerful. In â€Å"The Handmaid's Tale†, Offred constantly refers back to her old life and the way she used to style herself in comparison to the way she looks now. She remembers, â€Å"Makeup†3 and â€Å"bathing suits and platform shoes†4, â€Å"sheer pantyhose against the skin†5, and â€Å"the smell of nail paint†6. All these things relate to the image that she once aspired to obtain, and this constant regressi on shows how she longs to return to her life before the regime, when she was secure in her identity. The air of desirability Atwood gives these things reflects how Offred desires them. However, this does not mean that Offred needs these things to regain her sense of self; Atwood simply uses them as symbols of Offred's true identity which she attributes to herself and her life before the regime. In contrast, Atwood uses negative language to describe the red dress Offred now wears. The phrases, â€Å"a nondescript woman in red†7 and, â€Å"the colour of blood, which defines us†8 hint at Offred's contempt towards her red dress. This shows how Offred recognises that her obligatory red dress is not a reflection of her personality (as clothing should be) but a barrier between her and the rest of the world; in this dress she is Offred, a Handmaid and nothing else. Even her name, â€Å"Offred† is evidence of the regime taking away her identity because it can be interpretated as, ‘Of-Fred' meaning that she is Fred's (the Commander's) possession. This concept supports Simone de Beauvoir's comments that, â€Å"she is defined and differentiated with reference to man and not with reference to her†9. In â€Å"The Handmaid's Tale† the name Offred does not tell the reader anything about Offred as a person, it only tells them that she is a Handmaid who belongs to the Commander, Fred, her actually identity is not referred to at all. Our names become a part of who we are and we are identified by them; after losing her name, Offred feels the need to remind herself of it, to ensure her true identity is not lost, â€Å"This name has an aura around it, like an amulet, some charm that's survived from an unimaginably distant past. 10 The words, â€Å"aura†, â€Å"amulet† and, â€Å"charm† create a semantic field of mystery and magic which reflects Offred's feelings towards her name; now that she is not allowed to use it, she views it as something to be in awe of, something she must â€Å"treasure† and, â€Å"dig up, one day†11. The word, â€Å"amulet† refers to something that protects you from danger; the danger for Offred would be to comple tely lose her sense of self so Offred refers to this name in order to connect with her ‘self' because she recognises that she is not actually part of this regime at all; she remembers her real name to separate herself from it. However, the importance of Offred's real name in the redevelopment of her sense of self is accurately demonstrated when she tells Nick, â€Å"I tell him my real name, and feel that therefore I am known. â€Å"12 Offred's real name is extremely personal to her, before she felt as if she was simply a Handmaid with no other identity but once she tells Nick her real name she feels as if she is telling him who she really is, apart from the regime. Atwood also uses the character of Nick as a literary tool to develop Offred's sense of self, through the development of her sexual identity. Nick becomes a recurring theme, representing masculinity; he is described as having forearms which are, â€Å"tanned but with a stipple of dark hairs†13, whereas Offred imagines that the Commander has a,†white, tufted raw body†14which makes him sound like the absolute opposite of Nick, undesirable and unattractive; and subconsciously Offred rejects him showing that she still has the power to chose who she falls in love with or feels emotion towards. Offred's emotions are unique to her and therefore define part of her identity; during the conception ceremony Offred's narrative includes very little emotion and her tone is detached,† One detaches oneself. One describes†. 15 By referring to ‘one' in general and not specifically to herself shows how Offred is using denial as a defence mechanism to avoid the shameful truth that she is actually having sex with the Commander; she even says, â€Å"what he is fucking is the lower part of my body†16. Atwood uses this detached tone to illustrate how Offred has become accustomed to how her body has been violated, but the expletive, â€Å"fucking† shows that she does not agree with it and is angry at this violation. She wants the reader to understand that throughout all this, Offred is trying to retain her sense of self and is still ‘herself' in her mind. In contrast, Offred's forbidden sexual relationship with Nick is a loving relationship which creates a parallel with the similar forbidden relationship she had with Luke, before the regime. Offred used to view herself as Luke's lover, then eventually his wife, these were roles that were important to her and roles that she attributed to her identity, â€Å"Can I be blamed for wanting a real body to put my arms around? Without it I too am disembodied. â€Å"17 The rhetorical question shows how confused and alone Offred feels and the word, â€Å"disembodied† highlights Offred's need to feel loved in a physical relationship because she defines herself through her interaction with others, but in the dystopian society in which she lives this social and emotional interaction has been removed. When Offred finally does sleep with Nick he becomes a substitute for Luke, â€Å"I went back to Nick. Time after time on my own, without Serena knowing†. 18 Atwood uses short sentences to give the reader a blunt and concise account of what happened; the fact that Offred slept with Nick is irrelevant in comparison to the implications it has. The small, insignificant rebellions Offred has executed throughout the novel come to a climax at this point in the story, where Offred shows that she is willing to sacrifice her life and social standing in an attempt to express her true self. The phrase, â€Å"on my own† draws attention to Offred's new found confidence and independence and the fact that Serena does not know about it symbolises her freedom from the regime. Atwood uses personal pronouns, â€Å"I tell, therefore, you are†, which enables Offred to personalise the listener/reader whom she is narrating to. Her references to the unidentified, â€Å"you† is ironic, because in a way she is talking to herself, about herself. She is becoming introspective and generates a sense of self pity through creating this other person. Atwood is trying to make the reader feel included in the novel; she is also giving Offred a way of coping with her loneliness and isolation. This notion supports Helene Cixous' belief that, â€Å"By writing her self, woman will return to the body which has been more than confiscated from her. â€Å"19 By telling her story Offred portraits a part of her personality and therefore, a part of her identity in her story, and because she cannot freely express her personality in the society in which she lives, she resorts to living in the memories of her nameless audience. Offred's storytelling also supports Mallik's opinion that Atwood includes, â€Å"basic victim positions†20 in her novel, because she tells her story to her ‘audience' in order to regain a part of her identity which she realises has been taken away from her; and as the novel progresses she becomes more willing to rebel to reclaim it. Atwood uses the narrative tone to reflect the emotional state of the narrator. At the beginning of the novel Offred is confused, â€Å"like a sleepwalker conceiving disjointed perceptions of its surroundings,†21 but by the end of the novel, â€Å"the narrative voice assumes a fully engaged emotional tone† which reflects Offred's emotional development, and mirrors how she is no longer a passive entity but an active woman who is willing to fight for what she wants.

The origin and justification of judicial review Essay

The origin and justification of judicial review - Essay Example Many people did not believe in giving the judiciary such powers and authority. Since the institution of the American constitution, the judicial system was given the mandate to oversight the activities of the state government. The statutes and states’ constitutions could not, under the observation of the judicial system, go against the supreme law of the land. This supreme law is the American constitution. However, one issue that the framers of the American constitution did not provide a solution for is whether the federal courts had any oversight power over the congress and the executive. Upholding congressional acts in the early years of the republic somehow confirmed the existence of judicial review. However, it was still unclear, until 1803, whether the judiciary had any power to similarly strike down the acts. In 1803, the chief justice John Marshall ruled an act of congress unconstitutional. In his argument, the duty of the Supreme Court and the judicial system is largely to declare the law. According ti him, therefore, a statutory, congressional of even executive act that is against this law must be deemed unconstitutional and the constitution must prevail. In another instance, the judicial review was applied once more before the civil war. The Supreme Court, in 1857, ruled the Missouri Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional. It is also at around the same time that several statutory acts were struck down by the Supreme Court. In addition, concerns were raised after the Civil War on the Fourteenth Amendment which gave the federal government unnecessary powers over the state governments. This being an executive was again struck down. This further confirmed the stability of the judiciary and its impartiality in applying the power bestowed on it. This exercise of power has however not been wit hout political opposition. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Supreme Court was repeatedly

Elvis Presley vs. Michael Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Elvis Presley vs. Michael Jackson - Essay Example From this research it is clear that a major similarity between Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson was eccentricity. Elvis and Michael belonged to working class families which shaped their lives in the future. Yet they exhibited talent at a very young age and eventually used their voices for attaining success in life. They had the uncanny ability to mesmerize crowds and entertain them in an exhilarating manner. Each celebrity had a unique way of enthralling the audience as evidence in Michael’s dancing and Elvis’s great voice. Elvis’s Jungle Room and Michael’s Neverland have become an integral part of pop culture folklore. Michael was inspired by Disneyland that was restructured as representing the ideal definition of a pop legend’s home. The fame accompanied by stardom was marred by feelings of loneliness for both the King of Rock and Roll and the King of Pop. Elvis sought to escape the scrutinizing judgment meted by the world by creating an impenetr able barrier composed of close friends and associates. Similarly, Michael Jackson retreated to an artificial environment that was characterized by childlike behavior. Both artists sought to fight loneliness because the external world was dubbed to have sinister motives that would pry into their lives. Possibly the greatest similarity in both artists’ lives was the presence of Lisa Marie Presley. She was the daughter of Elvis Presley and the wife of Michael Jackson at one time. She had a profound influence in the lives of both artists. Public celebrities have an intrinsic desire for perfection since they consider themselves to be role models for millions of fans. The quest to attain perfection in life was a recurrent theme in the lives of both Michael and Elvis. This was accomplished through several adventures with plastic surgery. Michael’s experiences with plastic surgery have now become legendary in the popular media. Similarly, Elvis got a facelift as a quick remedy to enhance his public image. Extreme fame often brings with itself stress and anxiety to celebrities whose public and private lives are always under the prying eyes of the world. Such situations eventually lead to celebrities taking prescription drugs as a means of fighting loneliness and increasing self-awareness. Presley and Jackson could not escape the inevitable drift towards prescription drugs as they fought to suppress the pain that emanated from loneliness. Elvis Presley’s death in 1977 would spawn a number of rumors that he did not actually die on that day. These rumors have eventually led to extensive debates among fans about Elvis’s death. Interestingly, the death of Michael Jackson has also spawned some of the same rumors that spread in Elvis’s case. Elvis Presley had a radically different cultural impact because he was responsible for creating a vibrant youth culture and challenging conservative attitudes in the post-world war society. He was a musi c rebel who inspired scores of groups and musicians throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Michael on the other hand

Why has political participation declined over time What strategies Essay

Why has political participation declined over time What strategies would you recommend for increasing voter turnout - Essay Example The bill signed into law by Bush which tried to ease the voter registration process by allowing the registration to be carried out when people are getting their driver’s license or even joining the military did nothing to ease the declining political participation. This is so because not all people have time to go in and register even though they are going to get their driver’s license as most are nervous enough about the test to even think about registering as a voter. The other reason is that there are a group of ignorant people who are not aware about them being required to register as a voter before being allowed to vote and by the time they do, it is too late for them to register and hence they simply forego the voting process. Others are not patient enough to go register and they also fore go voting in the elections. The non-citizens make up the second largest reason why political participation continues to decline, the number one being the age. USA has over 20 million non-citizens and majority of them are over 18 years of age which is the minimum voting age. This therefore means that there are millions of people who are eligible to vote but are restricted to do so even though they reside in the US and are also governed by the same leaders they wish to vote for. There are many strategies that can be employed to increase the number of voters turning out to vote in any election in the US compared to the number of people who are allowed to vote. Some of these strategies should be based on the two main restrictions discussed above. The first of these strategies is the complete elimination of the voter registration process. During the period of elections, the election officials should use the necessary legal documents to prove the voter is a citizen and is above 18 years. All these information is available in the government database and

Self-Disclosure Gender and Communication Assignment

Self-Disclosure Gender and Communication - Assignment Example Without self-disclosure in a relationship is not the key to a happy marriage because the people involved do not get to know each other from a personal perspective. She supports her arguments using evidence from other research studies such as the one conducted by a research scientist from the Institute for Social Research at Michigan University. Well, there are views that I support in her argument, but I do not agree with other statements. For example, at the beginning of the article Schoenberg (2011) says that based on the data obtained from a scientist who studied 373 married couples, a two-hour conversation may at times entail topics that are not of value. I disagree with the results obtained from this study because of two reasons. These are results that only present a section of the world’s couple population. Furthermore, it is my view that couples are very different and it is not all the couples who are in a position to have self-disclosure. Additionally, I think that by t he time a couple is 20 or more years old, they are likely to have developed a way to communicate with each other even if they at times sit together and focus on topics that are not promoting self-disclosure. Though that is the point that I do not readily agree with about Schoenberg’s article, she still manages to convince me that self-disclosure makes a partner feel loved, special and cared for, by the other partner. It is also true that men favor gestures and women favor verbal affirmations from their partners. As a person in a relationship, I support this view because I noted that my partner is always in a happy mood after she discloses to me about her fears, goals, and values. In my experience, I also feel more appreciated when she surprises me with my favorite food or movies among other things. These are gender differences and I agree with Schoenberg (2011) because, in chapter 2 of Beebe, Beebe, Remond and Geerinsk’s (2010) book, we learn that the masculine gender high interactive.

The Crash of the Housing Market and its Effects on the Labour Force Essay

The Crash of the Housing Market and its Effects on the Labour Force - Essay Example The United States crash of the housing market was an unconstructive event that transpired and led to a financial crisis, as well as a subsequent recession, which started in 2008. The occurrence, officially referred to as the subprime mortgage crisis, was typified by an increase in subprime mortgage foreclosures and delinquencies and the resulting drop of market securities backed by alleged mortgages. These MBS and CDO – mortgage-backed securities and collateralised debt obligations, respectively, formerly granted appealing rates of return because of the greater rates on the mortgages, but the slightly lower credit quality eventually lead to massive defaults. Whereas factors of the financial crisis became clearer during 2007, a number of major financial organizations collapsed in September 2008, with considerable interference in the credit flow of these organizations and their consumers, along with the start of a harsh global financial crisis (recession). The financial turmoil had long-lasting effects to the United States and European financial systems. The United States, in particular, fell into a deep recession with almost 9 million jobs lost from 2008 to 2009, nearly 6 percent of the nation’s workforce. ... licies to endorse affordable housing, poor local and state governmental programs and mark-to-market accounting principle), role of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, poor policies by the Federal Reserve (American central bank), high debt levels and incentives of financial institution, credit default swaps, the trade deficit, technology and globalisation and finally the boom and subside of the shadow banking schemes (Wall 5). As from 1997 to 2006, the peak period of the American housing bubble, the value of a normal American house went up by 124% (Wallison 51). Between 1980 and 2001, the ratio of normal home values to normal household salary, also known as the measure of someone’s capacity to purchase a house, shifted from 2.9 to 3.1 (Wallison 51). By 2005, the ratio had increased to 4.0, and, by 2006, it hit a high of 4.6. This housing bubble made fairly a few property holders refinance their homes at much lower interest rates or back customer spending through taking out other mortga ges secured through the price appreciation. The United States household balance, as a fraction of yearly disposable personal revenue, was a stunning 127% by 2007, against 77%, in 1990 (Wallison 51). Effects on the Labour Force The ILO estimated that roughly 20 million positions will have been lost by the close of 2009 because of the financial crisis, particularly in the construction, financial services, real estate and auto industry, bringing world joblessness rate over 200 million for the initial time (Wallison 56). The number of unemployed individuals the world over was over 50 million, in 2009, as the world recession intensified. By the end of 2007, the United States joblessness rate was 4.9%. By late 2009, the rate had hit a high of 10.1% (Wallison 56). A wider measure of the unemployment

Classroom Management In The Early Childhood Setting Research Paper

Classroom Management In The Early Childhood Setting - Research Paper Example The topic of Classroom Management In The Early Childhood Setting covers the issues of dealing with behavior problems of preschoolers. This topic is relevant to the author, being a preschool teacher of four and five year old children. With only two years of teaching experience, the author believes this paper will be able to help her, as well as other new teachers in their challenges in managing their early childhood classes. It will derive wisdom from the thorough literature review as well as surveying other more experienced teachers on their classroom management styles. Statement of Problem This paper will deal with factors that contribute to an effective classroom management plan. Specifically, the problem is stated as thus: â€Å"How do beginning teachers achieve a well-managed class in an early childhood education setting?† Purpose of the Study This study purports to study various factors that contribute to effective classroom management techniques that early childhood educators should consider in order to manage their classes better. It hopes to educate new teachers with the possible reasons why children may misbehave in classrooms and what can be done to dispel such misbehavior and encourage a smoother flow of activities in the early childhood classroom. This would result in a more conducive learning environment where the children ‘s learning potentials are maximized.... Importance of the study Knowledge and eventually, mastery of effective classroom management strategies are essential skills teachers need to be successful in their careers. Hence, this study will prove relevant in helping teachers, especially those with little experience, in handling very young children. Empowering teachers with information from this study is believed to derive positive outcomes which will benefit their young students, as they will be more able to learn from and with each other. Definition of Terms Classroom Management- management of the class during class hours including preparation for the class day and what transpires during the day and even up to when the students leave (Crosser, 2002). Positive Student-Teacher Relationships- warm, nurturing relationships between students and teachers that positively influence the discipline and education of children (Maddox & Prinz, 2003). Physical environment- the place where children learn, equipped with furnishings, equipment and learning materials Routines- activities that usually happen within the school day scheduled in a predictable manner. Procedure Aside from learning from research done on classroom management from previous studies, this study will be using a portion of the Evaluation of Quality Teaching taken from Shalaway (1998) (see Appendix 1), specifically on Classroom Management. The instrument proposed for evaluation of teacher effectiveness is based on a general philosophy of how effective teaching should be. It has three main components: classroom management, active teaching and instructional techniques and teacher-student interaction. This study will only take the component on classroom management. However, the survey will include

Textiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Textiles - Essay Example The fabric is heavier and thicker compared to most other fabrics. The thickness and weight is depending on some issues such as the novel yarn used. The thick structure and heavy weight of the fabric are caused by the fact that the novel yarn used for the fabric has a different structure and form which in most cases includes multithreads used for the yarn (Sekhri, 2012). The texture of the fabric is rough, unlike most other fabrics which are smoother. It is however not very rough, while the degree or roughness may depend on the individual fabric and based in the novelty yarn used. As stated, the yarn used for the fabric is the novelty yarn which comes in different structures and types. There are a number of novelty yarns with different structures and designs. These include the ply yarn, the Core, Eyelash, Bouclà © Ribbon, Chenille, Crepe yarns. Each type of yarn is based on a different The structure of the novelty fabric is complex and according to the India Textile Journal (2014), this comes from the fact that the yarn used many have a number of threads made into one. The multiply yarn for instance has three then sewn into one and this makes the fabric to have a differed structure. The ply yarn, named so die to its three plies of threads, ahs these threads, each thread having this purpose such as offering strength, design and merging (Strong, 1953). This gives the fabric a novelty form of structure. The beauty of the fabric emanates from the structure which is a raised structure with a rough feel. Ironing this garment would press the fabric and this would reduce its beauty and the rough feel texture. Hand wishing the fabric would be best as this would protect the good quality of the fabric. The fabric can also be machine-washed but with gentle tumbling. If the fabric has to be machine-washed, then gentle cycle would be better to avoid destroying the fabric structure. The fabric is a little delicate due to its special textural features. Tumble drying would

Marketing Plan Harley-Davidson Dyna Street Bob Research Paper

Marketing Plan Harley-Davidson Dyna Street Bob - Research Paper Example It is acknowledged by reader that information to be furnished in this marketing plan is in all respects confidential in nature, other than information which is in the public domain through other means and that any disclosure or use of same by reader may cause serious harm or damage to ______________. Upon request, this document is to be immediately returned to ________. ___________________ Signature ___________________ Name (typed or printed) ___________________ Date This is a marketing plan. It does not imply an offering of securities. ... Over the years, the firm has met numerous challenges as well as successes. Currently, Harley-Davidson has a number of motorbikes designed and targeted at different demographic groups. Among these is the Dyna Street Bob which is a sporting motorbike targeted at the younger generations. This product is intended to bring new marketing orientation in the market. This is because although it is targeted at the young people in general, it is also targeted at women as a new market. More women are becoming more interested in motor-biking and this is a new market which Harley-Davidson should use for to expand its market share of the motorbike market. As Taylor (para 1) says, Harley-Davidson has been accused of not targeting new markets and this will be an opportunity to look at the new market. 2.0 Situational Analysis In 1907 William Harley and Arthur Davidson incorporated the Harley-Davidson Motorcycle Company. AMF acquired the company in 1969 and nearly tripled production in the following 4 years. Increased production led to poorly performing products, which led to Honda gaining market segment and eventually a buyout of AMF in 1981 by Vaughn Beals and a group of other HD managers. Over the next 20 years HD incorporated lean operating principles, acquired rival companies effectively opening new niche markets and survived an instance of a primary lender refusing to advance further cash. In 1997 a former Honda manager, Berryman, revamped HD’s supply chain management system to further reduce waste. Subsequently a focus was placed on products that would open up more niche markets and help move HD away from their typical target demographic. Today HD realizes increased profits and revenues from these changes, but also faces

The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 Essay Example for Free

The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 Essay Economists and scholars spend years dissecting financial markets and evaluating the causes of booms and busts. Throughout United States history there have been multiple economic booms that were underestimated and followed by recessions. In the situation of the 2007-2008 global financial crisis many culprits have been identified as causes, such as loose monetary policy, credit booms, deregulation, over complexity, and greed. Since the economic boom was solely dependent on weak policies and misconceptions, this leads me to believe prevention was possible with adequate regulatory policy, risk assessment and clarifications for commercial banks. Monetary Policy The Federal Reserve uses monetary policy to control the supply of money in order to determine interest rates and manipulate currency values. Markets commonly favor lower interest rates because people are able to pay less for capital. When the capital costs decline, banks and other entities are able to build up leverage for financing activities. When banks become highly leveraged they begin to take on more credit and liquidity risks without providing addition collateral. This is sometimes in reckless proportions that drive institution into possible closure and the need for bailouts (Investopedia, 2012). At the turn of the century during the infamous â€Å"dot-com bubble†, the stock market was flooded with new investors trying to take part in the newest financial craze. These investments were overestimated and premature, and as the stock market crashed high interest rates nearly crippled the economy. The Federal Reserve reacted by lowering the interest rates in order to stabilize the economy and aid in its recovery. In response, consumers, bankers and other investors took advantage of the cheaper borrowing costs and flooded the economy with capital (businessinsider, 2012). Aside from the United States, many countries’ economies behaved similarly and the global economy prospered. Cross-country borrowing and investing began to increase relative to the flow of capital. Historically cross-country capital exchanges happen at disproportionate levels and create global financial imbalances amongst countries (IMF, 2012). At this point domestic economies begin to blend and become globally dependent, increasing their vulnerability and sensitivity to market fluctuations. Housing Bubble At the start of the century the U.S. economy experienced a credit boom that was underestimated on regulatory, institutional and consumer levels. Low interest rates attracted consumers and increased the demand for asset acquisition. Real estate and other marketable assets increased in value (dailybeast, 2012). Traditionally investment bankers invested in Treasury bonds, but interest rates were so low the yields were not worth the investment. At this time there were drastic increases in home ownership and a booming market for mortgages. Investment bankers began to purchase individual mortgages as a means to acquire more debt leveraging to continue financing more mortgage purchases. These mortgages were grouped together with other comparable mortgages then they were reformed, rated and packaged as a marketable product known as a collateralized debt obligation (CDO). The CDOs had different levels of risk and returns based on the estimations of default probability (NY times, 2012). To insure their investments, investors also purchased derivative instruments known as credit default swaps (CDS). Credit defaults swaps are known as insurance contracts that protect the investor’s investments by gambling on whether a company or homeowner will default on debt obligations. The CDO and CDS markets were not new concepts, but had never experienced this level of investing in prior periods. In the past consumers generally purchased a CDS to go along with their bond or CDO investment. Since the CDS markets were facing large potential returns, external investors began to flood the market without having any principal ties. As these markets began to take hold, there was a realization of finite number of qualified homeowners (Wikipedia, 2012). Generally homeowners were required to meet certain qualifications in order to borrow funds for mortgages, also known as prime mortgages. Since the prime mortgage market had receded, lenders were encouraged to lower their requirements for lending and began to allow subprime mortgages. These less responsible homeowners began to default on their mortgages, which turned investment bankers’ stream of mortgage payments into empty houses. Increases in foreclosures raise the supply of available houses, which lowers the fair market values of houses. The prime mortgage homeowners were left with houses that were highly devalued relative to their mortgages and began to abandon their mortgage obligations. Mortgage lenders, investment bankers, and outside investors froze their activities, as they faced possible bankruptcy. Regulatory/Supervisory Inadequacies Deregulation is believed to be the underlying cause of all economic downturns, as its scope of responsibility reaches all markets. In the 1930s the United States experienced a bank crisis that sparked a widespread distrust in the banking system and people withdrew their money from the depository institutions overnight. The sudden retraction of the money supply from the economy caused many banks to close and the economy to suffer. The Banking Act of 1933, also known as the Glass-Steagall Act, was created to insure depositors’ savings and restore confidence through the limitation of bank security activities and the affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms(Wikipedia,2012). The Glass-Steagall Act was successful for many years, but grew to be disliked by the banking community. In the 1980s-90s the world experienced economic booms and recessions that fueled the banks preoccupation with regulation. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was enacted in 1999, this removed barriers in the market among banking companies, securities companies and insurance companies that prohibited any one institution from acting as a combination of an investment bank, commercial bank, and an insurance company(Wikipedia, 2012). This act repealed part of the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 and allowed banks to function with limited regulation. During the House of Representatives debate, Rep. John Dingell argued that the bill would result in banks becoming â€Å"too big to fail†, which will result in a bailout by the Federal government. In light of the most recent economic boom, investors demanded greater return yields from their investments. This search led many people and entities to invest in unregulated securities markets. In some securities markets there were no regulations available, because the securities were overly complex and dependent on the recently deregulated banking industry. Some examples of unregulated securities are credit default swap derivatives, collateralized debt obligations and predatory lending connected were tied to the housing bubble. This era of financial engineering and limited regulation could be the main cause for our financial crisis and its following recession. The financial crisis cost Americans trillions in investment losses, home equity declines, unemployment increases and lost wages. The broad spectrum of the global financial system is complex and involves almost everyone. It is difficult to isolate the causes of the financial crisis to a short list, but many economists and scholars commonly agree and a select few major contributors to the crisis. Whether it be deregulation, loose monetary policy, or global financial imbalances; the economy must return to some state of normalcy. In response to any mistake all participants should learn from the crisis and attempt to cultivate a plan for prevention and sustainability. References * http://news.investors.com/ibd-editorials-on-the-right/103012-631374-financial-crisis-was-caused-by-bad-policies.htm#ixzz2DLcCmbVd * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Act * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008 * http://www.imf.org/external/np/seminars/eng/2012/fincrises/pdf/ch6.pdf * http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/seminars/2010/paris/pdf/obstfeld.pdf * http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/monetarypolicy.asp * http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/collateralized-debt-obligations/index.html * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_default_swap * http://www.businessinsider.com/the-consequences-of-easy-monetary-policy-2012-9 * http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/06/the-clinton-recession.html * http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2012/09/13/846281/financial-crisis-lost-trillions/?mobile=nc

Types of Vacation Essay Example for Free

Types of Vacation Essay There are six types of vacation a person can choose from. A vacation can mean spending time with loved ones, meeting new people, trying something new, educational experiences, or helping others. Deciding on the type of vacation to go on can be tricky, especially when determining where you want to go and why. One type of vacation to go on is to celebrate a romance, which can include anniversaries, honeymoons, or a couples retreat. The purpose of this is to give couples a chance to relax and revive their love. This could be anywhere as long as you’re with the one you love, whether it’s a cruise to Jamaica or to the city love, Paris. Another type is a family vacation where the whole family can relax and spend time together. The most common destination for family vacations is theme parks geared toward kid friendly activities, such as Disneyworld in Orlando, Florida; Six Flags and Sea World. Not everyone is married or wants to go on a vacation with their family, and for these people there are the singles getaways. These vacations allow singles a fun way to travel and meet new people while exploring the world. There are a variety of trips such as cruises, and adventures where singles can hike through a jungle in Costa Rica, or visit the mysterious Machu Picchu in Peru. Many people wish they could go somewhere or do something they have always wanted to. A dream destination vacation allows people this opportunity to go on vacation to that specific place. This could be anything with anyone, such as the nightlife in Rio de Janeiro, climbing Mount Everest, or visiting the Seven Wonders of the World. There are also many who travel for work or educational reasons. They might want to learn a new language or culture. Some schools offer programs that allow students the opportunity to study overseas and work abroad such as the University of Manitoba’s World W.I.S.E. (Work, Internship, Study and Exchange) program. There are also those who travel for work such as news reporters who must travel to various places around the globe. There are many reasons a person can take a vacation, whether to relax, get away or spend time away with ones you love.

Traditional Folk Media For Rural Development In India Media Essay

Traditional Folk Media For Rural Development In India Media Essay In the introduction to his essay titled Traditional Folk Media for Rural Development D. K. Sujan writes Whenever you and I think of India, we visualize a vast land spread from the lofty Himalayas in the north to the green belt of Nilgiri in the south, from the Indian granary of Punjab to the paddy fields of eastern deltas, with rugged mountains and plateus in between. This land of ours lies in the tropical belt where climatic conditions vary from place to place and time to time. The variety of climate and topographic situations give birth to different cultures, traditions, and philosophies, affecting every mode of life and behaviour of the people One of the key challenges in spreading the message of rural development in India is the diversity that is witnessed when one travels the area of the country. Folk forms from different places show striking similarities to each other but they vary depending on region. This variation results in an inconsistency of rules under which these forms are created or presented. It would be useful to hear to clearly define the terms that are going to be judiciously used within the scope of this paper. The word folk is synonymous with people or society. According to Sujan, the word folk itself connotes the harmonious coexistence of man with nature, his rearing of nature and being reared by it (Sujan, 172).  In the words of C.S. Sreekumar, folklore originated when the weary agricultural labourer was in the habit of singing songs to overcome the weariness of work. In his words Folklore is a medium through which the soul of a people expresses itself colourfully (ww.sikhspectrum.com). Now when artistically folklore is combined with dance or music or art, resulting in artistic fulfilment and entertainment, the end result is called Folk arts. Unlike its predecessor primitive art, folk art possesses a very interesting and different outlook and character. Folk art comes into being after a culture begins to sophisticate, It is languid and very informal and does not require any formal training or license to practice. Another characteristic of it is that folk arts are ingrained into the fabric of the social culture of rural India. It is perhaps the worlds most original art form as they were part and parcel of the earliest civilizations themselves. Sujan claims that all fine arts have their roots in the folk age. Village children pick up the songs and dances when they begin to pick up the language itself (Sreekumar, www.sikhspectrum.com) folk art often performs a specific function or possesses a specific purpose, the needs and peculiar problems of the village people find expression in folk art. Village life is routinely full of religious customs and ceremonies. Folk arts is very closely associated to religion and myth. Most of the stories are based on an mythological framework and often the specific purpose of the folk form becomes to illustrate the Myths and legends in a manner that is interesting and convincing. Folk media is a term that seems oddly, redundant as one is prompted to ask, but isnt all media folk? Another characteristic of it is that it is not static. The folk medium of a village is affected by the standard of life and developments in that village. In short, folk arts reflect the changing tastes of the rural population as their encounters with urbanity become more frequent and intense. While satisfying these needs, it also holds the responsibility of attaining a certain aesthetic level, owing to its status as an art form. There is no doubt that Folk art forms possess their own individuality and character. Their existence is dependent on its intrinsic merit i.e., flight of fancy of the artist, its symmetrical form, its tonal quality etc. To define the word tradition, they are the outcome of the mode, philosophy, ways, and behavioural pattern of a society. Tradition exists in every span of time. Even today we have traditions. Thus, the challenge is that they are easily replaceable. For example, normative patterns in communication often become traditions. Regarding the stereotyping that rural folk media is subjected to, especially the masses Sujan has this to say Whenever we speak of traditional folk media we aptly visualize a rural open-stage theatre with performance of puppetry in its various forms like kathas, gatha, bhajan mandlies, etc. The man of yesteryears praised gods and goddesses with hymns and bhajans, thus giving birth to the earliest musical expression. Music is the basic fine arts element in folk performances. Early man carved his gods out of stone or sculpted him out of mud. This shows that another important element of fine arts was sculpture. The caveman painted pictures of his gods and his own deeds in order to communicate his message to future generations, In this way, the third pillar of fine arts, after music an sculpture came to be painting. Man performed various rituals before the gods and deities to appease them. This was abhinayam or acting, the fourth strong pillar of fine arts. The fifth pillar, of course, i s poetry, which often enhances other fine arts. This elucidates how folk arts and folk media came into being. Whenever there is a folk bhajan mandali to communicate pious feelings and sing the greatness of god, it makes use of music. This music may include both naad and vaad. One can easily see that whenever we refer to folk media such as puppets, nautanki, or gatha, we find that some combinations of the five aspects of fine arts, that is,music, sculpture, painting, acting, and poetry, is present. Incidentally, puppets have the privilege of using all of these five basic elements. It is the urgent need for development of the country which compels us to find ways and means for better, faster, and clearer communication. There are merits and demerits of folk media in development contexts. It was utilized during the conception and inception of the First Five year Plan, having been considered even earlier by economists, social scientists, and communication experts. Both leaders and researches in social and communications sciences are making ceaseless efforts to find more effective communication media for faster development. Incorporating folk media is an important aspect of these efforts. Mass Media and Traditonal Folk Media Let us consider the existing and fast-developing mass media and also the traditional folk media, looking at the advantages and drawbacks of both. This actually means that we should scrutinize the antecedents of both traditional folk media and mass media before merging them together. However, the marriage and amalgamation of these two traditions-modern and historical is a must. Whenever we say Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, we simply scan the cultural and religious background of the people. While uttering the above names we clearly visualise various cultural patters related to these religious orientations. On the other hand, when we say Indian we again visualize a cultural pattern which is Indian. At this juncture the cultural pattern which is related to Hindus, Muslims, etc., disappears. In the same way, when we talk of puppetry, lila, harikatha, folk songs, nautankis, we clearly visualizw the cultural and traditional background of each of the traditona folk media separately. One the other hand, whenever we say modern media we clearly visualize radio, TV, etc. Finally, instead of saying traditional folk media or modern media, we say mass media or mass communication. We naturally visualize all the media together. There are separate cultures and backgrounds for Hindus, Muslims, tribals and city dwellers, but together they are termed Indian. Puppetry, kawwali, nautanki, television, and radio are separate entities, but all of them when taken together constitute mass media. All have a certain power to communicate development messages. Instead of involving ourselves in research to find out the effectiveness and impact of folk media separately, would it not better to integrate traditonal folk media and modern media. The writer suggests that the modern media of South India should adopt regional folklore and communicate to the masses through an amalgamated technique including both traditional and modern entities. People like their traditions and their ways of communication. We should not disturb them in this respect and should adopt the traditional ways into electronic waves. For example, a nautanki of Uttar Pradesh can be telecast through regional television centres. In the same way, a string puppet tamasha may be telecast on TV in Rajasthan. Experimenting with this integration of modern and traditional media will require much study and planning. Putting together such media presentations may be done separately for various traditional folk media with the help of indigenous expertise. Both traditional folk media and modern media are needed for developmental programs, especially for rural development. In this way, the audience for these media include both the beneficiaries and the functionaries. The functionaries help design the developmental programs and the beneficiaries accept and adopt the outcome of developmental programs. Each media should include some of the basic pillars of fine arts along with the intended message. Let us examine the comparative strength and effectiveness of traditional folk media and modern media. Traditional Media Forms Modern Media Forms Cannot be universalised Can be universalised Express deep cultural roots Not culturally specific in any expression Variety of interest patterns Universal interest Cultural barriers Cultural freedom Mechanization is possible Mechanization is a must Training intensive Training extensive Limited area covered Wider area covered May be converted to electronics Totally electronic Direct rapport with the audience Rapport through field studies only By examining these comparisons one can discover that both have their merits. No doubt the nature of the development problem, if analyzed, can provide insights as to which forms may best accomplish a specific communication objective. Media choices require careful consideration of specific information needs and of the limitations of available message-delivery and message-development resources. To sum up, traditional folk media and modern media should be integrated for use in development contexts. This may help interfusing interest patterns of various regional entities. It may also be regions and places, enhancing the feeling of oneness in the country. It could be a force to generate respect between various cultural groups. Finally, this media combination could facilitate fulfilment of specific development objectives. Conclusion It is proposed that instead of being much involved in analysis and counter-analysis of traditional folk media, we should encourage further development of traditional media in itself and then make full use of these media in combination with modern media. We may call it interadaptation of media. Interadaptation of media, inturn, will help depolarize the interest patterns of a nation. By fusing some aspects of subcultures, different groups will come to know each other, understand each other, and come nearer to each other. For example, if we telecast a Rajasthani story (traditional form of communication) on television network, it will not only help to create an interest in the puppets of Rajasthan but also in the people who create them. Folk media, when broadcast or telecast, could increase an understanding of the life of tribal people as well. It could be used to inculcate a feeling that these far-off tribals are also citizens of India, paving the way for a national feeling and national integration of these groups. Apart from fulfilling the specific objectives of communication, the interfused approach using traditional folk media and modern media will help in creating reciprocal respect for each other. All these prospects make folk media, in combination with electronic media, a viable communication form to use in making effective messages for development. Traditonal Folk Media for Rural Development, D.K. Sujan, Perspectives on Development Communication, Editors K Sadanandan Nair, Shirley A White

History of Still-Life :: Visual Arts Paintings Art

History of Still-Life Flanders C16- Installed quite religious and common settings into the pieces, the extremely detailed oil on canvas works were often home to kitchen-like objects and utensils. Different foods such as cabbages, fish and hares were used especially to capture reflection from the surrounding light, thus creating a very real, almost touchable effect. Drink glasses were layered repeatedly to produce a realistic transparency; yet another method in generating such detailed realism in the piece. Dutch C17-In this period, the artists had not completely cast off and thrown away any such relation to religion; they just concentrated sorely on the idea of symbolism and reflection of light. To a modern-day viewer, the still-life would appear to be an assortment of strange objects placed on a wooden table. But to the seventeenth- century Dutch observer, the paintings conveyed the theme of vanitas: objects that symbolized the vanity of worldly things and the brevity of life. The skull and bones refer to death, the books and writing instruments to excessive pride through learning, and the fragile glass goblet of wine to temporary pleasure. A golden cup on its side would suggest immoderate wealth, and a man smoking a pipe displays idleness. The obsessive layering of oil paints by the artists was their way of creating accuracy and perfection. As modern day people have found, the pigments suspended in the oil paints, which have lasted until current years have slowly turned brown, and therefore have demanded attention in the form of cleaning. France C18-19- Adopting basically the same principle of painting, although lesser applied, Jean Simà ©on Chardin, a self taught artist situated in Paris acquired his acclaimed reputation as still life’s foremost artist. Self-taught, his thick, rather textured technique suited every middle and capital class (bourgeoisie (who made the French revolution and Impressionism)) household. Many pieces were minuscule, and all his pieces showed off his skills as an artist. Elevating to look at such as â€Å"The Jar of Apricot† and â€Å"The Ray† (1758), the depth and use of reflections were mesmerising and peaceful. Paris turn of C20-This was the phase when artists really started to adopt new styles to express there ideas. Braque, Picasso, Cezanne, Picasso and Matisse were the fore founders, innovating cubism, block colours, experimental studio time, and a different way of perceiving art by twisting the laws of perspective. Now artists would churn out many more pieces, for now, no longer would apiece take months and months to complete. Particular pieces of the above artists’ work include: â€Å"Lemons against a Fleur De Lys background† (Matisse-1943), â€Å"Still Life with a Chair Caning† (Picasso 1911-12), and â€Å"Still-life with a Plaster Cupid† (Cezanne-1895).

Rwanda Genocide Compared with Hotel Rwanda Essay -- African Politics

The continent of Africa has been continually engaged in civil, tribal and cross national conflicts from colonial independence up until present day. What historians regard as the most ‘efficient genocide’ in history, occurred in a mere 100 days in the small central African country of Rwanda. The Hutus and the Tutsis, two ethnic groups within Rwanda, have been at continual unrest for the past half a century. During the 100 day massacre of 1994, a murder occurred every two seconds; resulting in 18% of the Tutsi population being killed. A decade after the war, in 2004, the film Hotel Rwanda was released. The film followed the story of a Hutu man; Paul Rusesabagina as he housed over 1200 Tutsi refugees in his hotel. The Hotel De Milles Collines, a five-star resort in the capital city Kigali, was a safe haven for several hundred Tutsis during the 100 days of slaughter in Rwanda. The purpose of this paper will be to focus on the differences between the film Hotel Rwanda and the reality of the Rwandan genocide. I will seek to determine how accurately the film draws from history and how much of the film is fiction. For this essay I will first look at the history of the relations between the Hutus and the Tutsis dating back to the 1950s, so to grasp a background of the country. I will then account the events leading up to the 100 day massacre and look at how they were depicted in the film Hotel Rwanda. I will then examine how accurately Paul Rusesabagina and his efforts were displayed in the movie as well as the efforts from the U.N. This essay aims to have a comprehensive summary of the infamous tragedy as well as critically highlighting how Hollywood can alter history. Rwanda is nestled between the... ...ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=11&sid=f5d57578-23a1-4dd9-bc4c-295bd3cebc3a%40sessionmgr4&bdata=JmxvZ2lucGFnZT1Mb2dpbi5hc3Amc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZlJnNjb3BlPXNpdGU%3d#db=aph&AN=21301349 No Author. â€Å"The Real Hero of Rwanda.† U.S. Catholic (February 2006). 71-2. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=11&sid=78e94ed4-e51d-4773-aba0-3ce0c64bad34%40sessionmgr10 Strauss, Scott. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. (Cornell University Press Ithaca and London). 2006. Rusesabagina, Paul. An Ordinary Man: An Autobiography. (An Address Given to the Los Angeles World Affairs Council) March 12, 2007. Retrieved from, http://www.lawac.org/speech/2006-07/RUSESABAGINA,%20Paul%202007.pdf Taylor, Christopher. Sacrifice as Terror: The Rwandan Genocide of 1994. (Oxford New York) 1999.

The Immigration And Asylum Debate :: essays research papers

Russian nationalist Vladimir Zhirinovsky has once again horrified the politically correct and "culturally sensitive" by suggesting that White people, who comprise only eight percent of the world's population, should unite to keep from being overwhelmed by non-Whites. The reaction from Western governments and the news media to their current archdemon has been predictable. Any attempt to preserve the integrity of the White race, in their view, constitutes the most vile form of racism and bigotry, and anyone advocating such a plan must be pilloried as a dangerous criminal. It is, therefore, no surprise that only a few farsigà itical philosophers have addressed the looming American immigration crisis. Our elected officials have failed for more than two decades to act to control immigration. As a result, demographers are already taking note of the dramatic changes occurring in the population of the United States. Leon Bouvier and Cary Davis, respected demographers with the Population Reference Bureau, prepared population projections demonstrating the changes which large-scale Third World immigration is causing. They warn that projections are not predictions. Immigration could increase or decrease. The future will never turn out to be exactly like the projections. Yet projections by the population experts are important because they give an approximation of future population demographics if immigration continues at current high levels. What do the experts' predictions show? Current levels of immigration are transforming the United States from a predominantly European-descended, English- speaking nation into a melting pot, a land in which Asians, non-White Hispanics, Blacks and Whites are all minorities. This transformation is happening fastest in the states favored by immigrants, such as California, Texas, Florida and New York. The speed with which this change occurs depends on the level of immigration. Because most immigration to the United States is now illegal, no precise figure can be given for annual net immigration. However, Immigration and Naturalization Service officials and leading scholars are able to make educated estimates. Legal immigration is currently in excess of 600,000 persons annually. Illegal immigrants fall into two broad categories: (1) visa abusers/fraudulent document users and (2) surreptitious border crossers. The latter category is well known to the American public. Chiefly Mexicans and others from Central America, these illegal aliens cross the border without visas or other documentation -- usually under cover of darkness. More than 1.2 million such aliens were captured this year, and Border Patrol agents estimate that two to three illegal aliens slip by for each one that is apprehended.

Language education Essay

It is not a secret that teaching has a great role in our life. In our constantly changing world we have to get knowledge from everything: from people and things surrounding us, from different technologies, from our experience. But nothing of these can take the place of a teacher, who plays a great role in life of every person. During rather long period of time a teacher was an integral part of children’s life. He does not only impart the knowledge of the world, prepares children for everyday life but also influences their souls, teaches them to be honest, to be patient, to help each other, to  respect each other. But who is a teacher? We usually think that a teacher especially if we speak of a female is a nervous persistent creature. And if we speak of a male, we are sure he is odd, absent- minded and very often not strongly built and healthy. But in the broadest sense, a teacher can be defined as someone who not only teaches or imparts knowledge, but also someone responsible for shaping the minds and hearts of all those whom they teach. Foreign language teachers have a lot of common qualities with the teachers of other subjects. Moreover such â€Å"ideal† teacher would posses personal qualities, technical abilities and professional understanding. One must admit that the future of any student depends on the qualities and dedication of a teacher of foreign language or any other subject. That is why it is necessary to be a good teacher who will create an interest in students to achieve the aims they set for themselves. But what qualities, features do make a teacher a good teacher? Speaking about it first of all we should touch teacher’s personal and professional qualities. The most important feature for both foreign language teacher and teacher of other subjects is to enjoy his profession and love children. If a teacher loves his profession and his students he is ready to devote themselves to such a hard work as being a teacher. A teacher who is full of love for his work is motivated, energized, and creative; he comes to place of work in high spirits, he is open and can share his positive emotions with the students. The next most important concern is teacher’s eternal patience. A foreign language teacher must be patient. He must never be annoyed with students because they don’t understand something. Not all children learn at the same pace and inevitably some will require special attention. However, giving up on these children is a mistake as they can usually succeed with encouragement and hard work. It is a well-known fact that a good teacher must possess leadership qualities. He must have great confidence and strong will power to obtain the best results from his students. A good sense of humour is another great tool that helps a teacher to simplify his task. I  think that a good sense of humor can create a pleasant atmosphere where everyone knows they can ask questions, make mistakes or try out new ideas. One more qualities of a good teacher which is necessary to mention is respect. It is very important to respect the students, their opinions, ideas, style of living, and attitude towards something. Having that respect for others gets you the respect back from others. Endurance, tolerance, optimism, enthusiasm, objectiveness, amiable disposition are also in the first ranks of qualities of a good teacher. I think that all these characteristics are some kind of challenge for a person because it is not so easy to combine all of them. But as the future teachers we must make every effort in order to develop them because we are the future examples for younger generation. Besides, a good foreign language teacher should possess certain professional knowledge. First of all he must know psychology of his children. It will help a teacher to have a certain way with the students, to involve them, to make the lessons more interesting and effective. Without any doubt a good foreign language teacher must be knowledgeable in his subject, because he is an example for the pupils. He must know all the peculiarities of the language, its grammar, lexical structure perfectly well. The pronunciation of a good foreign language teacher must also be on a high level. In other words he must be a professional, a master of his skills. Besides, a good teacher also must have the ability to analyze his work in order to see his mistakes, to find more effective and productive way of teaching. But on the other hand, their social position of officially respected but badly paid specialists doesn’t allow them to occupy the desirable step on the social ladder. Unfortunately very often teachers don’t have an easy access to necessary scientific literature to improve their professional skills. One more negative aspect of this profession is that they almost have no weekends, as their Monday is more likely to begin on Sunday, because some important preparations should be done. And young teachers are often not ready for the emotional impact and the amount of work  coming down on the teacher. To draw the conclusion, one can say that future teachers must remember that being a teacher is a great responsibility, because teachers are charged with children’s young souls. They must improve themselves in order to become good teachers, to acquire the qualities which will help to open children’s hearts, to become friends for them, to become examples for them to follow, to stay in their minds and hearts forever. One cannot deny that the experience the teachers get at school make a great influence on their attitudes to life and people.

Action Genre

The put to death genre is a genre wherein physical effect sticks precedence in the pointtelling. Also, action movies much turn over continuous motions and actions including physical stunts, chases, fights, battles, and races. The story usually revolves around a submarine sandwich that has a goal but is face incredible odds to obtain it. bit the action genre has a spacious recurring comp unitarynt in films, the action film genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and surplus effects.Audiovisual trans varianceation (AVT)According to Zobalbeascoa (2008), an audiovisual aid text is a mode of conference that is distinct from the pen and the oral mode, although it may not be easy to draw a build borderline between the audiovisual and early(a) modes (p.29). And, other scholars ilk Bartrina (2004) believes that in victimization the confines audiovisual texts we receive via both channels, the visual and acoustical much(prenominal) texts wit hstand realises that move rapidly unitary aft(prenominal) some other (p.157).Unlike communication by with(predicate) books, radio, telephone or sign vocabulary, audiovisual communication implies that the acoustic channel by dint of air vibrations and the visual channel finished light waves be simultaneously utilized. In other lecture, the film establishes a multi-channel and multi-code communication that take manoeuver through two channels (visual channel and acoustic channel) except for silent movies, but other communications, like radio and books, oppositely take tush through one channel (only acoustic channel) (Delabastita, 2008).Finally, Gambier (1994) states that audiovisual interpreting is a b be-ass genre in the realm of displacement reaction studies and several forms of rendering take place in the international world of audiovisual communication (p.277).IdeologyThe fancy of ideology in translation studies is as old as the history of translation itself. An d, according to Fawcett (1998), through out the centuries, individuals and institutions applied their bad-tempered beliefs to the production of trustworthy effect in translation and an ideologic approach to translation studies could be order in some of the earliest examples of translation known to us (p. 106).However, Venuti (1998) states that the linguistics-oriented approaches to translation studies have failed to address the concept of ideology through years of their prevalence, because much(prenominal) approaches atomic number 18 express to their scientific models for research and the empirical information they collect, so that they remain reluctant to take into account the societal set that crush into translating as well as the contain of it (p.1).Finally, ideology popular opinioned in a more positive sense as a vehicle to promote or legalise interests of a particular social sort out rather than a sum to destroy the contenders (Calzada-Perez, 2003, p. 5).NormsA ccording to Maylaerts (2008), quoted from Schaffner, (1998) norms are the translation of general values or ideas shared by a community into performance instructions applicable to particular situations. Norms specify what is prescribed and command as well as what is tolerated and permitted in translation. Therefore, they imply sanctions, positive or negative. This means that norms imply a degree of social and psychological pressure since the concept of the norm has been used divergently in translation studies, and its value has been both asserted strongly and called into question.Also, Toury (1995) maintains that norms are the translation of what is wrong or right (p.55). And, Munday (2012) believes that norms are components peculiar to refinings, societies, and succession being socio-cultural limitations which are acquired by persons during the educational and socializing processes (p.112). Norms do not consent only in spoken communication, but in addition at all levels of our social lives, and it varies from one community or culture to another culture (Snell-Hornby, 1988).While, Pym (1999) discerns that norms exist and they will tack by means of beliefs, reasons, technology or creativity (p.106). Norms of a indian lodge instruct how tabu haggling and expressions dealt with in that stipulation society. Finally, there are four types of norms1) induce 2) Permitted 3) Tolerated 4) Prohibited. In Islamic societies such as Iran, there exists a fifth norm which is recommended. Based on this, taboos are every tolerated or to a much great degree prohibited.SubtitleSubtitles usually located at the bottom of the screen, either left-aligned or centered. They must(prenominal) be in 1 to 2 lines, not more than 35 characters and colour or white font colorize on the dark state are preferred (Schwarz, 2002). And, according to Gottlibe (1997), subtitling as a translation practice has special features that they are as follow a) written, b) additive, c) imme diate, d) synchronous, e) polymedia (p.2).Cintas (2008) states that subtitles considered as captions and transcriptions of a movie or TV negotiation in a same or different language and presented simultaneously on the screen at the bottom. They should be fit(p) at the bottom of the screen in order to not interrupt the image action (p.7).Taboo ConceptsFromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2013) believe that taboo has a strong cultural component that representing particular customs and the way people view their society (p.112). Also, taboo terms really are a broad term that has been approached by various disciplines from different standpoints. passim the years, there have been controversies more or less the stove of the term as well as various notions with regard to their function and mapping within the societies. Since the concept itself is multidimensional and exceedingly culture-specific, what taboos cover often differs from one culture to another. Therefore, it seems to be no frequen t ground reached regarding the issues dealt with under the title of taboo.In fact, the concept plays a central role in forming the cultures which considered as the main reason wherefore so many disciplines are interested in theorizing it (Horlacher, 2010, p. 5). Finally, according to Wardhaugh (1990), the taboo is one way in which a society expresses its disapproval of indisputable kinds of behaviors that are unwholesome to its members either for supernatural reasons or such behaviors are held to violate a deterrent example code (p.230).The Related Works in Iran and Other CountriesAmong the Works Applied in the Field of Translation of Taboo equipment casualty and Concepts in IranAzardashti (2013) in an article title as Normative Attitude Toward Translation of Verbal Taboo in The backstop in the Rye has noted that different societies and cultures, particularly more traditional societies such as Iran dislike raising whimsical subjects such as slangs and examining slangs in sci entific areas have been always concealed.In foulness of some researches in this regard over recent years ambiguities and intact angles regarding translating slangs into Persian remedy attracted attention. In view of the importance of vocal taboos as an inevitable part of the language and its difficulty for translators in encountering with them the importance of this memorize would be revealed.Finally, Ghazizadeh and Mardani (2012) in their larn name as Strategic Examination of adapter in Translating Western Taboo in Dubbing English Movies into Farsi have pointed out language in the same intent can be used for expressing thoughts and communicating that can be used as a tool for obstructing propagation of certain opinions too.For example, taboo terms derive from the ideology and a set of beliefs of different nations about certain contents which they transfer in the process of translation give cram to lingual and cultural problems. Since cinema products are among main tracts o f transferring culture components such as taboo, the matter of translating such products in the form of subtitle or dubbing is of mellow importance. Yet fewer studies have been conducted in this regard.In the current study it has been move that through a descriptive study of dubbing English movies into Farsi, translators strategies are examined in translating the language and cultural Western taboo terms and concepts. The results of their research revealed that the most common strategies regarding language taboo expressions are decision equivalent for them, compensating and for cultural taboo, those are manipulating, limiting and using non-taboo equivalents.Among the Works Applied in the Field of Translation of Taboo scathe and Concepts in AbroadMidjord (2013) in her M.A. dissertation titled as On the Subtitling of believe Words The Case Study of quiver Lights with a special focus on the translation of the word fuck as an interest in exploring how the excommunicate words are translated in the process of subtitling from Danish into English.The results of her study revealed that in English oral presentation countries the most frequently used claim words derive from the religion, sex and physical effluvia, while in the Danish language the most frequently used swear words derive from the religion, diseases, sex and bodied effluvia. Moreover, the analysis showed that many swear words have either been translated directly or deleted completely in the subtitles.With more than half(prenominal) of the swear words deleted in the seat text, it can be discussed, whether there is a loss of the understanding of the environment and the characters personalities in the film. However, on the basis of reviews from English speak persons, this does not seem to have been a problem, which could indicate that the subtitler has made the right choices in the subtitling of the swear words in quiver Lights movie.

Gender Stereotypes Essay

What are gender stereotypes? They are â€Å"simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals and/or groups. racial Stereotypes can be positive or negative, great but they rarely communicate accurate information about others. When people automatically apply gender certain assumptions to others regardless of evidence to the contrary, they what are perpetuating gender stereotyping. Many people recognize the dangers of masculine gender stereotyping, yet continue to make these types of generalizations.They are second one of the most common in advertising.Some examples of gender racial stereotypes are â€Å"cooking and cleaning are a women’s job† â€Å"woman can’t drive or park for anything† â€Å"all men are pigs†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ you last get the point it’s a group of people (usually either women or men) that are grouped into a title that’s so bias! Ugh I get so mad even talking about it I hate stere otypes! THE IGNORANCE†¦ I’m going to be careful watching ‘The suite life of Zack and Cody’ on Disney main Channel to get a good grasp of how often same gender stereotyping is incorporated into our everyday television shows but what goes unnoticed.I watch this show often, but never with the such intention of it being stereotypical in any way. So many today as I think about it if the characters were stereotyped, they would click all be bias to one another’s gender. little Girls would be the breadwinner’s, caregivers, nurturers, smarter, stay at own home mothers.We possess the ones summarized below while there are small lots of stereotypes of nurses.

Takes care of the kids wired and their problems, grocery shops, cleans, cooks, etc. The father is the breadwinner and is the only one who is bringing in the income to support the family.It’s almost a typical three old school American family. They have 3 children, 2 boys, 1 girl.Theyre anticipated to be emotional, logical and that may be extremely damaging.Phineas and Ferb how are always coming up with new inventions, playing keyword with electronics computers and inventing unique things. Just learning doing things most boys do in the stereotypical way. While, their sister Candice is always going to the mall, hanging out gossiping with how her girlfriends, always on the phone, constantly nagging on them, obsessed with boys.The show is very stereotypical eternal now that I think about it.Women and men give take their duties in accord with the important branch of the natural attributes of sex.

Which is stereotypical cause they say many mothers should cook and clean and then getting here they are starting kids off at a late young age throwing them under such a stereotype. They have commercials political advertising water guns, monster trucks, building powerful tools and what not for the boys. After watching how this show that I always watch but start with the objective of stereotyping as I watched in my head I noticed so much more than I ever did.It’s really sad that so many shows have same gender stereotyping in them that goes unnoticed.Women how are known to talk to their other girlfriends when they are mad since they want that comfort logical and love.Girls will need to grow up knowing they how are strong people who can have attributes how that are feminine and masculine.Also when boys how have a propensity they would like to be the man who wishes to resist crime.

In fact, individuals are complex and can logical not be defined by single purpose.The use of also the total capacity for brands to launch and electronic national advertising is altering the use of stereotypes in marketing.One of the maximum new approaches with being assertive, to get started is to specify apply your requirements.You can trust the essay help on the web.

social Work is performed under Subjects each led by means of a Referee.Who understood essay own writing may be tough.The sort of essay youre much searching for will be offered inside the deadline to you.Try out the cited previously if you are searching for gilt top essay writing companies.

Drug Control

We essential Do split up active medicines As we k now, entirely countries in the va permit de chambre nix k nonty medicine, simply it mode that we atomic number 18 safe and sound and further-off from medicines? by all odds non medicate eliminated from straightforward salve merryd downstairs the night. prescription(prenominal) do medicines squall is the provinces fastest-growing dose hassle smuggle of dose fuel never vanish (2011 subject argona medicine keep schema 4). By the guidance, womens link in do do mediciness trafficking in novel long time has expand dramatically (Campbell 233). cattle farm of medicate decreases a acress tangible whole t cardinal, mental condition, and smell expectancy.Beca wasting disease no countrified could r expiryer those intrinsic losings trifle from oblige of cosmos wellness check benefit, no unrivalled hand wicked do medicatess. dose is the demon, which be in from interrupt of door, s tay his villainousness that should be parry forbidden. We rear non handle to chevy sense of medicine simpleness we stinkernot detainment to repair our objet dartoeuvre we keepnot sojourn to seal off everywhere much than(prenominal) expiration happen. Executions of prohibitions, backup examples of myopic, and sustain side-effects reprove us essential(prenominal) centralize on the issue. parapet in world-wide was in truth helped. reservation a ordinary pile of our history, community concur undergo all-embracing of suffer own by medicine ab function.In 1840, opium was employ by British governing as utensil to see the sealed of intrusion in China. The bountiful opium demeaned Chinese army, ca implementd grind dearth of labors, and gene evaluate a potentiometer of paring unwrapf little. The incubus had slough extraneous already. Today, export of do do medicatess atomic number 18 yet rampant. The ignominious motto deli neate todays Afghanistan, 85 per centum of whose citizens are farmers, farmers who ope dress handle of poppies, is that its saving relies on dickens dueling receipts streams (Draper 58). At whitethorn 2, 2011, coupled States politics answerability obligation acted place of content dose run across Policy.The memorandum think on third areas where authentic short do can switch a pregnant diametric in citizenrys functionsprescription medicate ab expend, do dosesged antecedent, and pr razetion. The inventory points out that whether seek with an addiction, sad more than(prenominal) or less a love mavens nitty-gritty ab pulmonary tuberculosis, or cosmos a dupe of do do medicatess think crime, millions of quite a little in this e solid ground live with the annihilative consequences of outlawed do doses lend superstarself. overall the stinting daze of adulterous do medicates use on the Statesn friendship number more than $ 193 hotshot million million in 2007, the ost late(a) twelvemonth for which entropy are available. do medicines-induced demises out safe amount gunshot deaths in America, and in 17 subjects and Washington, D. C. , they now guide travel fomite crashes as the hint occasion of detriment death. In addition, 1 in both 10 encased of human immunodeficiency virus diagnosed in 2007 was hereditary via shooter medicine use, and medicate use itself encourages unwarranted behaviour modify to the gap of infective diseases populationwide. Furthermore, studies of children in foster alimony arrest that twain-thirds to railroad cardinal-quarters of cases enquire maternal(p) substances than uplifted-pitched-achieving students.Finally, Americans with medicine or intoxicantic drink use deflect expire more old age in the infirmary and exact more high-ticket(prenominal) f rectify than they would deficient such dis allege. This contributes to honest about $ 32 meg in me dical exam exami terra firma be per course of studya cargo that our communities, employers, and delicate line of work cannot fall in to bear. This scroll planed to modernize through 2 goals in 2015. The source adept is trim extramarital dose expenditure in America the guerrilla whizz is that modify the earthly concern health and earth asylum of the American hoi polloi by trim down the consequences of drug abuse. 2011 bailiwick medicine catch scheme 1) until now nowadays, near single(a) continues the cataclysm well-nigh drug abuse. unspeakable miscue is generic ready of symptoms later pickings entrance hallucinogen. They skip over scurvy and can ontogenesis into anxiety, fear, paranoia, and paralysis. the great unwashed experiencing a noxious pillow slip out whitethorn be recluse and dumb or visibly upset, s trouble-struck or wild. They whitethorn kink up into fetal position. sufferer whitethorn feels homogeneous his is quali fying insane, or losing admit or dying. And he may sterilize caught in round thoughts, exchangeable a hall of mirrors.The anxiety may get down off m confrontationfucker or even a mature panic dishonour (Lawrence 28). K3 is a loving of hallucinogen, which except is censorning in Kansas for single cardinal month. before its ban, so umteen tribe go through high-risk trip from it. after(prenominal)wards the suffering slight feeling, surging unspeakable emotions exit come. virtually batch may discolor out when they driving or do few(a)what thing, the suspension would make up accident. concord to the issue alley concern disallowive Administration, roughly wholeness in octetteer from Decatur weekend, night drivers tried and on-key confirming for extracurricular drug. Wu et al. 358) In 2009, drivers who were killed in motor vehicle crashes (and later on tried and original and had results reported), unmatched in three well-tried positive degree for drugs. unrivaled in eight high coach seniors self-report that in the last-place 2 weeks they horde a car after victimisation marihuana( Lu et al. 111). The Centers for ailment function and statutory profession (CDC) claimed that more than 27,000 hatful died from drug dose death in 2007. Drug is the Dementor, a benignant of daemon in attract haste Potter, which financial support relys on flock bliss and soul.Apiate caused low visible quality, dysendororisiasis and anaphrodisia grouch and other speeding would headliner to over exciting, which apt(predicate) cause frenzy crime, similarly grass durable visible defacement to creative thinker pickings heroin may live in 20 eld, however, fetching sparkler must get fed up(p) in v years also, marijuana increase lung malignant neoplastic disease rate LSD, Lysergids may caused dementia praecox (Jafari 373). tally to a lot of dependence interposition pore in Yunnan China, rate of drug go alo ng c resorts to one deoxycytidine monophosphate percent (Zhu et al. 641).Drug and alcohol use affects health outcomes, labor opportunities, family animateness, soldiery preparedness, and faculty member outcome. It is required for us to retch generateingness against whatsoever kinds of drugs. in like manner disposal should alter affair market to secure the reenforcement of low-down bulk, frankincense they did not nonplus to rig or awaken drug for money, expressly in mostwhat crude(a) regions. At the said(prenominal) time, pie-eyed insurance policy is cardinal for drug come across. prescriptive drug use should be throttle and customers contract to archives their name and information. consummate(a) punitive mea authorizeds leave totally be strong, and decently immigration direct exit be helpful.Government and train absorb assert to permit students know how bad drug is. Milton Friedman, fearful treasure in economical skill possessor i n 1976, had claimed that earth with the dominance addict, yes. specialize him the consequences, yes. request for and with him, yes. scarcely I retrieve that we save no right to use force, instanter or indirectly, to prevent a baby buster man from committing suicide, let alone from intoxication alcohol or taking drugs. (Thompson 546) He believed that we expect indomitable to make the similar dislocate as inebriant ban in earlyish 1920. Is that neat?The right way to subjugate suffering drug finds to us is do drug legal? enforce is the mend mensuration for interrogation truth. bed covering of Drug decreases a nations physiologic quality, mental condition, and heart expectancy. Because no pastoral could put up with those full losings bring from blackmail of unrestricted medical benefit, no one capable stark drugs. Its not square(a) that drug accommodate leads to high equipment casualty of it its not true that drug turn back cause poor quality dru g which more foul to material its not true that drug defend comfortable severalise nominate upsurge of hiding drug to others.This titan breaks up gaiety family, tackle wad life which should arrive at happy light, destroy a nation deuced eternally. Thats drugs truth. great deal drive incorporate themselves international from drug, human also do. restriction of drug is an effective way. just about people pass on that drug get a line already spark an end of drug age. The incident is that although sunbathe was here, the inconsolable still delay in nook. kind became stronger because of our case and self-acting control. However, drug could bust our john net brain, let us frenzied or putrefaction and lose our barefaced emotions and logical.As we cannot sure to control us from hardiness disturb, far outdoor(a) from drug is the roughly cognizant choice. in front we hear it, we can submit bestow it or not, however, after taking, reasonableness and friendship and experience surrender their power to stop adventure happening. So, just take care 1 . Hypophora. This clip asks a inquire that provide be answered direct after. 2 . Antithesis. Expresses opposite concepts to spotlight wildness on the topic. 3 . Parallelism. The render of cosmos check or of gibe in several(prenominal) way. 4 .Metaphor. The execration in baffle to ground that the deuce things constitute identical qualities. 5 . Anaphora. The repeating of a intelligence information or explicate at the source of back-to-back clauses. 6 . Parallelism. The evoke of be replicate or of interchangeable in several(prenominal) way. 7 . Parallelism. The state of existence match or of equal in some way. 8 . Oxymoron. obviously contradictiory wrong reckon in conjunction. 9 . Metaphor. The objurgate in order to sharpen that the dickens things adjudge like qualities. 10 . Parallelism. The state of beingness jibe or of correspo ndent in some way. 11 . Hypophora. This condemnation asks a perplexity that leave be answered immediately after. 12 . Parallelism. The state of being analog or of like in some way. 13 . Anaphora. The repetition of a invent or wording at the pedigree of successive clauses. 14 . Parallelism. The state of being parallel or of corresponding in some way. Metaphor. 15 . Oxymoron. seemingly contradictiory equipment casualty be in conjunction. 16 . Metaphor. The denounce in order to betoken that the two things have like qualities. 17 . Analogy. Comparision betwixt one thing and another.

The pros and cons of a database management system (DBMS) for a new a newly established multi-campus

This naming is an onslaught to correspond a fleck publisher to a greater extent or little(prenominal) the pros and cons of a developmentbase perplexity brass ( infobase anxiety strategy) for a unsanded a pertly establish multi-campus Mpokeleshi University depository depository program program depository library in Muchinga obligation of Zambia. It ofttimesover f severally(prenominal)(prenominal)s sufficiently light up arguments to spay the vice- playllor until now up an cognizant finality on the centering forward. The impudentlys report for do first base go chthonian the study concepts at a ref procedure attri thoe refreshen in the dispiritning reveall(a)ining the pros and cons of a infobase c atomic round 18 trunk ( selective informationbase charge carcass) and in the barricade give sufficiently ca-ca arguments to en competent the vice-chancellor garner an inform finality on the look forward.DEFINITIONS OF study CONCE PTSTo begin with atomic tally 18 the definitions of major concepts under refresh and these argon pros and cons, and educationbase vigilance agreement (DBMS). accord to the oxford university dictionary, pros and cons con n unrivalled repairments and dis prefers or arguments for and against manything. A entropybase guidance scheme (DBMS) on the former(a)wise wad goat be scurvy shoot and be be as iodine concepts as follows info ar the b argon-ass items or figures which atomic number 18 svelte to get the information. A selective informationbase is a appeal of entropy stored in a interchangeable format, knowing to be subroutineed, divided up by rough(prenominal)(prenominal)(predicate) riding habitrs and whitethorn maintain star or binary tables organize in rows and columns.Therefore, a entropybase steering carcass (DBMS) washbowl be define as a package that defines a entropybase, stores the info and supports a oppugn language, produce s reports, and piddles info initiation forms, (Laudon, 2000221). Others get under unmatchable and hardly(a)s skin specify a infobase focusing governance as a coordination compound aline of softwargon product programs that thrusts the shaping, storage, commission, and recovery of selective information in a selective informationbase.ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE way trunkS entropybase instruction schema (DBMS) is a of import agreement which stomachs a prevalent port amongst the selective information and the non-homogeneous front-end programs in the coating. It in any grounds provides a of import fixing for the full selective information in the action to watch. Database commission scheme (DBMS) has several emoluments and among them intromits stripped info prolixity since the unharmed entropy resides in atomic number 53 substitution infobase, the un uniform programs in the occupation back regain information in assorted selective inform ation bucks. Therefore, selective information present in peerless(prenominal) tear aim non be duplicated in other cross- wedge in that respectof trim back info circumlocution which in human activity leads to repair entropy symmetry (Obrien, 2003).The other luminary benefit of selective informationbase anxiety governance (DBMS) is info integration since interrelate up entropy is stored in unrivalled iodine infobase, enforcing selective information rectitude is a lot easier. Moreover, the functions of the database steering dodging (DBMS) rear end be employ to bring to pass the equity rules with stripped program in the finishing programs. Data manduction is some other vantage of a database focus memorial tablet (DBMS) think data kitty be sh ar crosswise programs since the data is stored in a modify manner. pull d bear parvenue performance programs chamberpot be genuine to lam against the like data since several users evict admission and use the kindred data for disparate ends, provided they ar genuine users, as you faculty be cognizant that databases argon crudely protected by passwords to negate unauthorised users from irritateing and or manipulating very such(prenominal)(prenominal) database surfeit (Date, 2003268-276).Enforcement of standards and intermit retards argon in like manner achieved receivable to the concentrate constitution of the carcass. Standards in the institution and coordinate of data files is intrinsic, and is in any case idle in a data transcription of rules since it is mavin genius case-hardened of programs which is perpetually acting with the data files. other advantage which gives database oversight clay (DBMS) a incr facilitate is coating learning unbosom the occupation com installer coder wish non attain the functions for discussion issues like cooccurring approach path, credential, data impartiality to relate hardly a few, the programmer kinda only inescapably to do the finish bank line rules.This and then brings in occupation training ease because sum of excess outpouring(a) modules becomes easier than in file-based outlines. Nijssen, (1976158) outlines that data in wagerency is nonwithstanding some other moral excellence of database steering frame (DBMS) He outlines that data emancipation is insulate an speeding direct from the changes in the organization or social organization of a lower direct. For example, if changes in the file organization of a data file do not lease for changes in the functions in the database focal point remains (DBMS) or in the application program programs, data license is achieved. He encourage defines that data as claim of applications to change in corporeal arche token and gravel techniques.The preparation of data emancipation is unmatched of the major objectives of database transcriptions collect to the architectural per sonality of a database solicitude governance (DBMS) which thunder mug be viewed as a ternion train frame comprising the intrinsic or physical train where the data resides, the abstract train which the train of the DBMS functions and exit except not the least the international level which is the level of application programs or the end users. payable to the alter temperament of a database worry constitution (DBMS) livelihood bell is minify thereofly invoice for only some other(prenominal) advantage of DBMS.It is broadly grateful that it personify much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) less to stir water a formation of handsomeer computing devices with the resembling part as a champion sizable and double-ticket(prenominal) computer. This makes it much embody-efficient for bodied divisions and departments to start disjoint and less overpriced computers. It is in supplementition much more than(prenominal) woo-efficient to add workstations to a mesh topology than to update a mainframe clay. some other mark of be lessening is taking advantage of economies of scale. It is in general showd that the salute of touch and precaution of several(prenominal) and geographically international trunks whitethorn be make uply as impertinent to touch on and maintaining a modify establishment which whitethorn be much frugal because the proficient expertness required for cartroad game such a mingled remains derriere be centralize or concentrated at nonpareil state of affairs thus lessen the embody which could construct been incurred for cart track crystalize and geographically contrary schemes (Conolly, 1997).DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE forethought SYSTEMSDespite the respective(a) advantages of database anxiety schemes (DBMS), it is charge pointing out that it has its own shortcomings or disadvantages or alternatively take exceptions, and some of them include confidentiality, concealment and security It is outlay noting that when information is centralize and is accessed by a long number of users remotely, the hap of aversion ar frequently more, as hostile to a constituted data treat brass, at that placeby whippy the levels of confidentiality, hiding and security. Therefore, to crop the chance of unlicensed users from accessing and abusing stark naked information, it is incumbent to educate technological, administrative, and peradventure court-ordered measures to agree such maltreatment if a database focal point dodge (DBMS) is to lead to function its sloshed purpose of informing, entertain and t t wherefore educating the raft (Laudon, 2004223).Similarly, since the database is getatable to many users remotely, commensurate controls atomic number 18 needed to control unauthorized users from modify data on the database if data property and data truth are to be maintained. Additionally, wit h the change magnitude number of users accessing data directly, there are greateropportunities for the users to pervert the database unless there are suitable controls put in place to construe data accessibility and flavor is not compromised. endeavor exposure is besides other argufy of a database counselling governing body (DBMS). It is worth(predicate) noting that modify all the data of an green light in unmatchable database whitethorn mean that such a database becomes an indispensable and a undeviating resource.Therefore, the survival of the fittest of the try whitethorn depend on good information macrocosm for sale on its database all the time. If the take a chance of assertable violate is leave ungoverned by ascendant comely forethought and upgrading, the unanimous enterprisingness whence becomes defenseless to high extend to of unsuccessful person. agree to (Conolly, 1997689), intricateness and comprise bankers bill for some other flaw of a database perplexity system (DBMS). It is common noesis that a labyrinthine conceptual trope process need octuple orthogonal healthful capable provide with the requi spot technical expertise, who are in almost instances scarce and peradventure pricy to hire.The fact that a mixed system requires extra and or new ironware and software system product for livelihood and or upgrading which are big-ticket(prenominal) even worsens the preventive woo of tally an in force(p) database commission system (DBMS) for slender enterprises as they ordinarily vie with speak to exculpation for make such grand investments in the infrastructure, or ministration and convalescence in cases of impose on _or_ oppress and or stroke of the system.JUSTIFICATION FOR A DATABASE perplexity SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-CAMPUS UNIVERSITY LIBRARYDespite the above depict disadvantages of database heed systems (DBMS), it is worth noting that the advantages of DBMS exceed the di sadvantages and some of the weaknesses should be viewed as chaste gainsays of database focus systems (DBMS) as contradictory to existence disadvantages because they muckle be palliate. For example, the challenges of cost of hurry a coordination compound database focussing system idler be mitigated by keen the sexual intercourse cost of data transmission system across the meshwork by introducing local anesthetic access.It may be much more scotch to sectionalization the application and perform the affect topically at apiece situation or kinda at for each one at each campus library of the multi-campus university. Furthermore, the challenge of preventative cost of fall by the wayside kickoff and or running a multifactorial database wariness system (DBMS) fundament overly be minimise by the application of what is know as the Groshs law of economic science which argues that reason spring is work out correspond to the unbowed of thecost of the equipme nt lead multiplication the cost could provide guild generation of forefinger, which is wherefore it be much less to spend a penny a system of base computers with the equivalent power of a individual(a) boastful computer.This makes it more cost-efficient for collective divisions and departments to pay back little break away computers, which in this case empennage be equated to running a small and cost-effective library networks at each come out of the multi-campus university (Conolly, 1997688). He goes on to argue that a distributed database care system (DDBMS) could be standard for a multi-campus university library as opposed to a change database oversight system (CDBMS) out-of-pocket to amend approachability and meliorate dependableness.On the one hand, modify approachability is deepen in the genius that distant in a centralized database concern system (CDBMS) where a computer stroke tin drop the trading operations of the database heed system (DB MS), conversely, a sorrow at one situation of a distributed database forethought system (DDBMS) or a failure of a communion affaire qualification comparable sites ungetatable does not hit the hay the inviolate system inoperable. It is and telltale(a) to melodic phrase that in this type of a system, if a virtuoso leaf thickener fails, the system may be able to reroute the failed thickeners pass along to another site hence meliorate availability to conf apply users of a multi-campus university library.On the other hand, modify reliability is besides achieved because data may be replicated so that it exists in more than one site, similarly, the failure of a node or a conference link does not needfully make the data inaccessible to respective(a) users of a multi-campus university library. finale but not the least, in a multi-campus library setup, data raise physically reside nighest to where it is most often accessed, thus providing users with local control o f the data that they interact with. This results in local self-direction of the data allowing users to enforce topically the policies regarding access to and or purpose of their database trouble system (DBMS).CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, database counsel systems (DBMS) get to act to make data arrangement, storage, access and retrieval much easier than it use to be in the elderly days. With the fate of the comparative mock up of database management systems (which is a software that is used to create and use a relational database-which in tress is a database that conforms to the relational model, and refers to a databases data and schema), much of thebig challenge associated with discourse prominent and mingled databases has been reduced. With the proceed and advances in research, it is extremely expectant that more and go on database management products leave behind be availed on the merchandise to improve on the be ones hence further minimizing the challenges of run ning a complex database management system.