Reading summary 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading summary 4 - Assignment Example First, hisba turn out to be a coercive, public power that may potentially punish individuals for holding to religious practices and beliefs; thus, violating liberal secular prescriptions for the religion’s good boundaries. Second, the subsequent legislations and the courts articulate hisba differently from how it is elaborated classically in the Islamic shari’a (Agrama 498). Shari’a aims at cultivating and securing certain moral values. But, the court judgments along with legislation hisba get articulated as a legal practice that connects with the protection of public order, public interest, religious beliefs and public order. Thus, explaining why it is hard to know if the country is a religious or secular state (Agrama 515). Therefore, the presented facts relating to present situations shows that secularism incessantly blurs along with politics and religion and its power depends on the precariousness categories it establishes. Thus, Egypt’s political-religious ambiguities express the deeper indetermination at the secular power foundation. Hence, the country is gradually abandoning its religion and adopting secularism following the introduction of different laws. Thus, it is not concluded if it is still a religious or a secular

Perspective on social sciences Essay Example for Free

Perspective on social sciences Essay Social science and social theory were to liberate the thoughts and thus aid social groups in deposing domination and repression. This formation of critical social science and social theory stands stridently at odds with the moderate positivist professionalism of mainstream sociology in the sense that it envisions human liberation as the highest rationale of intellectual commotion. Habermas has taken pains to argue that this decisive outset of social science and social theory is not opposed to what he calls the project of modernity, which commenced with the Enlightenment. Certainly, he contends that critical social theory, conceived as communication theory and ethics, accomplishes the project of modernity by further rationalizing social life in ways estimated but not completed by Weber. Though Habermas needlessly divides instrumental and communicative rationalities, much as Kant did, thus limiting the field of human liberation to communicative projects but leaving technology and its dominion of nature untouched, he masterfully reconceptualizes Marxism in ways that provide it empirical and political purchase in the present. Far from deserting modernism and modernity, Habermas argues that Marx was a modernist and that the project of modernity can simply be fulfilled in a Marxist way, although in terms that deviate drastically from the Marxist and Marxist-Leninist frameworks of the early twentieth century. Habermas supports the Enlightenments program of common liberation and rationality through (a reconceptualized) Marx. This assurance to the Enlightenment and modernity must absolve critical social theorists such as Habermas of the inductions that they are Luddites, antimodernists, anarchists. Far from inadequate academic life, including social science and social theory, to be abridged to didactic political education, Habermas wants to open academic life to genuine debate and diversity, which he theorizes in terms of his communicative ethics. though the characterization of left academics as bigoted supporters of political correctness is largely hype promulgated by eighties neoconservatives, many critical social theorists are especially hard on purveyors of multicultural identity politics, particularly those who derive from postmodernism. Professionalized liberal positivists, including numerous U. S. sociologists, conflate all theoretical heterodoxies, particularly where they argue that one should defend the disciplinary project of sociology against the wild men and women who would politicize sociology and social science at a time when reputable sociologists are fighting a rearguard action against budget slashing university administrators. These professional positivists marginalize all thought and research that do not kowtow to the strictures of supposedly value-free quantitative empiricism. This obliterates nuances: Habermas (1987a) takes postmodernism to task; Fraser (1989) urges Habermas and Foucault to be more overtly feminist. It also fails to distinguish that critical social theories hold rigorous analysis, objectivity, professionalism, even disciplinarily. Critical social theorists vary from professionalized positivist sociologists most sharply in arguing that the aim of knowledge is illumination and hence liberation, not the development of personal professional credentials or the progression of ones discipline. Critical social theorists snub Comtes model of the hard sciences as a symbol for their own work as they believe that positivism eradicated historicity and hence the possibility of large-scale structural change. Critical social theorists are unashamed to be seen as political, particularly when they agree with Horkheimer and Adorno in Dialectic of Enlightenment that the charade of freedom from values is the most invincible value position of all, taking up the present as a plenitude of social being and contradicting utopia. It is sarcastic that positivist sociologists in the United States who attempt to establish their discipline in the university by stressing its resemblance to the hard sciences, including both positivist quantitative process and grant-worthiness, also argue that sociology should eloquent what are called policy implications, particularly now that a Democrat is president. Applied sociology proposes state policies in realms such as health care, aging, social welfare, work and family, and crime. Positivist sociologists assert that sociology pays its own way by underlining its real-world applications suggested in the narrow technical analyses propagating in the journals. numerous positivist journal articles formulaically conclude with short excursuses on policy in this sense. This segue into policy investigation both legitimizes sociology in the state apparatus (e. g. , public research universities) and helps sociology evade a more fundamental politics the notion of policy implying moderate amelioration of social problems and not methodical change. As well, the discussion of policy enhances the grant-worthiness of sociological research, which has turn into a trademark of academic professional legitimacy. Thus, the shift from the sociological to the social on the part of significant social theorists who support interdisciplinary is intimidating to disciplinary positivists because it augurs the politicization of social theory and social science at a time while some believe sociology should put definitive distance between itself and its sixties engagements. The tired stand-up line of sociologys critics that sociology alliterates with socialism, social work, and the sixties symbolizes this preoccupation with the legitimating of sociological disciplinarity and explains why interdisciplinary approaches to the social are so threatening. The interpretive disciplines and sociology are moving in contradictory directions: Interpretive scholars and cultural critics acclaim the politicization of the canon, whereas positivist sociologists want to subjugate politics. Leading U. S. literary programs such as Dukes are awash in these new theoretical movements that hassle the obsolescence of canonical approaches to the study of literature and culture. In these venues, politics is not a afflict to be eliminated but an opening to new ways of seeing, writing, and teaching. Suddenly, with the invasion of these new European and feminist influences, traditional approaches to representation (depicting the world) in both art and criticism could no longer be trusted. Postmodern fictional and cultural theory blossomed in a post representational era, specifically the opposite of what was happening in positivist sociology, which clings more obstinately than ever to representation -achieved through quantitative method as the supposed deliverance of an embattled discipline. Not all versions of postmodernism are eligible as either social or critical theory. However, as Fredric Jameson (1991) has argued in Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, postmodern theory has the potential for new forms of neo-Marxist social and cultural investigation pertinent to late capitalism. Foucault, Jean Baudrillard, and Derrida make means for critical theories of the social, especially where they make possible the critical analysis of cultural discourses and practices that intimately resemble and deepen the Frankfurt Schools analysis of the culture industry. And postmodern theory has made it nearly unattainable for people in interpretive and cultural disciplines to approach texts as if the meanings of those texts could be revealed to presuppositionless, really positivist readings. Postmodernists drive home the point that reading is itself a form of writing, of argument, in the sense that it fills in gaps and contradictions in texts through strong literary practices of imagination and interrogation. Few today can approach the act of reading or writing concerning reading in the same secure way that they could read texts before postmodernism, before representation was quizzed as a severely theoretical and political project in its own right. A momentous number of sociologists and anthropologists (Richardson [1988, 1990a, 1990b, 1991a, 1991b], Denzin [1986, 1989, 1990, 1991c], Aronowitz [1990], Behar and Gordon [1995]) draw from postmodernism in reformulating both social science research and theory in light of postmodernisms influential challenge to positivist theories of representation, writing, and reading. However, it is clear that most American sociologists and others in neighboring social science disciplines not only distrust but deplore the postmodern turn for its alleged antagonism to science and hence objectivity, rigor, disciplinary legitimacy, quantitative method, and grant-worthiness. The new scholarship in humanities departments enlightens critical social science in that it reads cultural discourses and practices as ideological and commoditized and helps formulate more general hypothetical understandings of society. For example, the work of Jameson, the author of numerous vital books on cultural and social theory from Marxism and Form (1971) to Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991), clearly puts in to the project of critical social theory. Jameson is in dialogue with critical theorists and postmodern theorists. He develops a postmodern Marxism that learns from but does not give in to the detotalizing implications of postmodern theory. Although many of Jamesons references are from culture and literature whereas Habermass, for example, are from social theory and communication theory Jameson in effect does postmodern critical theory in his readings of works of literature, architecture, music, painting, and philosophy, presenting not simply close textual analysis but expanding his readings into oversimplifications quite similar to those of postmodern social theorists (e. . , Aronowitz, Luke) in social science disciplines. Cultural studies is intrinsically a pandisciplinary project in the sense that culture, as the Birmingham theorists conceptualized it, is not simply found in everyday life as well as in museums and concert halls but also disquiets a wide range of disciplines in the human sciences or human studies, broadly conceived. Almost no social science or humanities discipline falls outside of the potential purview of cultural studies, which could be seen as a theoretical perspective, a discipline, a corpus of writing, and even an investigative methodology. Like the Unit for Criticism at the University of Illinois, in which Cary Nelson, Lawrence Grossberg, and Norman Denzin had part-time faculty appointments, the CCCS at the University of Birmingham has brought together scholars from a variety of disciplines. Like interdisciplinary projects such as cognitive science, cultural studies is a perceptible interdisciplinary project collecting scholars who believe they cannot practice their interests in cultural studies within their home disciplines or who want to claim an individuality somewhat diverse from their disciplinary identities. By and large, scholars in humanities departments have been better able to do and teach cultural studies within their home disciplines, particularly where their home disciplines have embraced the new postcanonical, postcolonial, feminist scholarship. Social scientists have had a greater tendency to identify their interest in cultural studies outside of their disciplines proper, many of which have been indisposed to abandon their relatively narrow concepts of culture in favor of a more inclusive one or do not acknowledge the need to practice the study of culture outside of a discipline for which the study of culture has always been central, such as sociology and anthropology. This distinction between the ways that humanists and social scientists build up their identities, affiliations, and academic practices as cultural studies scholars is also replicated in their respective attitudes toward the matter of politicization. Although most scholars around the campus who do cultural studies are leftist and feminist, social scientists lean to position cultural studies as an empirical and theoretical contribution without close ties to politics, therefore legitimizing their work within fundamentally empiricist and objectivist disciplines. Humanists lean to embrace their close ties to politics, as the Birmingham scholars did, even arguing that curricular politics, including the politics of the norm and the resist to define and implement multiculturalism, is an important place for social change today. Cultural studies increasingly splits into politicized and apolitical camps, through the former group deriving from Marxist cultural theory and joining the influences of the Birmingham School, feminism, and Baudrillard. The latter group includes scholars who do not view cultural studies as a political project but somewhat as an occasion for deepening their own disciplines or working across disciplines. Much work on popular culture, such as that of the Bowling Green group mentioned, comes from this second group. Humanists are more probable than social scientists to belong to the first group. This is satirical in that left-wing and feminist cultural studies grew out of Marxist social and cultural theory and only later were modified by humanists such as Jameson to their own projects. In this sense, critical social theorists involved in culture tend to cluster in humanities programs, or if they work in social science departments, they are typically isolated among their colleagues. It is much more common to find gathers of culturally oriented critical social theorists outside the social sciences, for instance, in English and comparative literature departments and programs. Though these comparative literature students and faculty are more obviously and blatantly politicized than most of my erstwhile colleagues and students, they approach society through the text. This peculiarity is far from absolute. Nevertheless, much of the best critical social science and social theory is being done in humanities disciplines. Sociology, for instance, sought greater institutional authenticity by attempting to imitate and integrate the methods of the natural sciences. Disciplines such as English, comparative literature, womens studies, and media studies were concerned with culture as well as politics and thus were usual gathering points for faculty and students interested in the politics of culture. PART 2 Modern-day slavery breaches the basic right of all persons to life, freedom and the security of the person, and to be liberated from slavery in all its types. It weakens the rights of a child to grow in the protecting environment of a family and to be liberated from sexual maltreatment and abuse. Migration is some what Modern-day slavery that has become a main concern of government officials, political leaders, policymakers, and scholars, and many books and journal articles have been published on a diversity of topics related to migration comprising cultural change (Sowell, 1996), health (Loue, 1998), law (Weiner, 1995), mental health (Marsella, Bornemann, Ekblad, Orley, 1994), population movements and demographics, politics, urbanization, and the survival of human society. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is conceivably the most noticeable international organization concerned with migration. However, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), and the World Council of Churches, Refugees and Migration Services also have high visibility as policy, service, and research agencies. Other private agencies that have high visibility include Amnesty International, International Rescue Committee, Doctors Without Borders, Human Rights Watch, and the U. S. Committee on Refugees.

Genre Mixing in the Film South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut :: essays research papers

Movies are often categorized by genres, which simply means kind or type. But most movies don’t fit into one single genre alone. Nowadays, it is common to see movies that are considered ‘horror’ and ‘science fiction’ like Signs or ‘romantic comedy’ and ‘fantasy’ like Groundhog Day (Film Art: An Introduction 109). The same is true for the movie South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (South Park). South Park is a mixture of three different film genres. First of all, it is an animated film, filmed entirely of 2-dimensional cartoons. Second, it is a musical, incorporating song and dance into the story. And third, it is a comedy full of politically incorrect jokes and crude humor. These genres come together and mix flawlessly. Although animation is typically associated with kids’ movies, that is not the case with South Park. The 2-dimensional drawn animation in this movie is not to entertain kids, but more so to portray the opinions and thoughts of the writers (e.g.: the beady eyes and flopping heads of the Canadians). It also provides a convenient way of showing things that aren’t usually visible, like Hell, for example (Film Art: An Introduction 163). South Park, like other Hollywood musicals, celebrates typical American ideals like rewarding ambition and the romance in the film ending happily (Film Art: An Introduction 124). The musical component of the movie also increases the humor by making it even more out of control. With songs like â€Å"Blame Canada†, â€Å"Kyle’s Mom’s a Bitch† and â€Å"What Would Brian Boitano Do?†, each having its own dance number, the film removes all seriousness and makes the film a hoot. The comedy is non-stop in this movie. From politically incorrect jokes like making Satan and Saddam Hussein a gay couple to gross-out humor like a giant clitoris that talks to Stan, the movie is full of laughs from start to finish. There is no limit to where this film will go. It touched on abortion, war, racism, technology, faulty parenting and other social issues, but it did so in a crude way, leaving the audience feeling a sense of amusement.

Othello: its Themes Essay -- Othello essays

Othello: its Themes  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Shakespearean tragedy Othello how many themes are there? And which ones predominate. This paper seeks to elucidate the reader on this subject.    In her book, Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack comments on the seeming predominance of the theme of loss in the drama:    In any event, what comes to us most forcefully from the stage in Othello is not mystery but the agony of loss, loss all the more tragic, in some instances, for not being inevitable. Brabantio loses (in every sense) his much-loved only child and eventually dies of grief. Cassio in a drunken moment loses his soldier’s discipline, then his lieutenancy and his cherished comradeship with Othello. Othello, in turn, losing under Iago’s tuition his ability to distinguish the individual woman he married from the standard cynical stereotype, abandons with it all pride in his profession together with the self-command that made him the man he was. And Desdemona, through no real fault of her own, loses the magical handkerchief. (131)    The theme of loss, however, is not the theme on which the play opens. Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes indicates that hate is the theme on which this play opens:    It is then on a theme of hate that the play opens. It is a hate of inveterate anger. It is a hate that is bound up with envy. Othello has preferred to be his lieutenant a military theorist, one Michael Cassio, over the experienced soldier Iago, to whom has fallen instead the post of â€Å"his Moorship’s ancient†. Roderigo questions Iago:    Thou told’st me thou didst hold him in thy hate.    And the reply is a torrent of proof of the hatred for Othello... ... Ferguson, Francis. â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.                  

Lymphoma

Lymphomas are a group of malignant tumors (cancers) that develop from lymphatic tissues and specifically from proliferating lymphocytes.   They are of three types, namely Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma (which can also be considered as a type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma).   The incidence of lymphoma in the US is about 64, 000 every year, and more than 493, 000 are living with the disease (Leukemia and Lymphoma Society 2006). Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a unique malignant condition in which the lymphoid tissues present throughout the body are involved (undergo painless enlargement), and is characterized by the presence of certain tumor known as ‘Reed-Sternberg cells’ (Mackie and Ludlam 1996).   The incidence of Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the US is about 7, 500 annually (Portlock and Yahalom 2000).   Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are a group of cancerous tumors that arises from the lymphoid tissues and is characterized by the malignant multiplication and growth of the lymphocytes. The Reed-Sternberg cells are absent.   Non-Hodgkin’s can develop in almost any site of the body such as the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, digestive tract, brain, etc.   70 % of all lymphomas belong to the non-Hodgkin’s variety (Mackie and Ludlam 1996), and about 50, 000 people developed this condition in the US in 1997 (Shipp and Harris 2000).   Burkitt’s lymphoma is an aggressive variant of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that arises from the B-lymphocytes.   It is associated with the EB virus, and more often occurs in young children (Mackie and Ludlam 1996). The exact cause of Lymphomas and the manner in which the disease occurs is still not understood properly.   Several factors including immunodeficiency states (which may be congenital or acquired), infectious diseases, chemical substances (including certain drugs, solvents, pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, etc), physical agents, autoimmune conditions, etc, may be associated with the disease (Shipp and Harris 2000).   In immune disorders, the body’s defense mechanism is compromised, and persistent antigenic stimulation may result in the development of lymphomas. In several congenital disorders, such as Wiscott-Alcridge syndrome, common variable immunodeficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency may be related with certain lymphomas.   Several acquired immune disorders such as post-transplant states, AIDS, administration of immunosuppressant, etc, may be associated with lymphomas.   Individuals suffering from various autoimmune disorders such as Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, Sjogren’s syndrome, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, etc, may be associated with lymphomas. Several infectious agents such as H. pylori, EB virus, HTL Virus-1, Hepatitis C virus, Kaposi’s Sarcoma-causing virus (that is linked to the HIV virus) may be associated with the development of lymphomas (Shipp and Harris 2000). Genetic factors also play a very important role ion the development of lymphomas, as the incidence is higher in siblings (than ordinary population) and identical twins (compared to non-identical twins) (Portlock and Yahalom 2000). The tumor cells present in Hodgkin’s lymphoma is known as ‘Reed-Sternberg cells’ (large in size with 2 nucleus) which may be present in lower numbers compared to other inflammatory cells.   Based on the amount and the manifestations of the Reed-Sternberg cells, Hodgkin’s lymphoma can be classified into 4 types.   As the number of Reed-Sternberg cells increases and the lymphocytes drop, the diseases progresses, spreads to several areas of the body (including the extra-nodal sites) and has a poorer outcome (Portlock and Yahalom 2000). Various modalities are currently utilized to stop and fight the disease namely, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, immunotherapy, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, and gene therapy (ehealth MD 2004).   These individual modalities may be required alone or in combination with each other to effectively treat the disease and reduce the adverse-effects. Chemotherapy is the administration of certain agents (usually utilizing multiple drugs) into the blood that destroys the cancerous cells and reduces their uncontrollable multiplication (Shipp and Harris 2000).   Radiotherapy is administered to the affected site to shrink the size of the tumor by destroying cancerous cells.   Both these therapies may be required in combination with each other (ehealth MD 2004).   Bone marrow transplantations are performed to replace the bone marrow affected with the chemotherapy and replace with healthy tissue that can restore the WBC counts (Mackie and Ludlam 1996). Immunotherapy is a treatment modality in which certain substances known as ‘cytokines’ are administered which stimulate the white blood cells to capture and destroy the cancerous cells.   Some of the cytokines that are frequently utilized include interferon and interleukin.   Monoclonal antibodies can also be administered that help the body’s defense cells to fight the cancerous cells.   They usually attach themselves to the cancerous cells, which are later identified and destroyed by the white blood cells. Vaccines are also being manufactured that could prevent infections associated with lymphoma.   Angiogenesis Inhibitors are medications that prevent the formation of new blood vessels in the body.   They can be administered locally in the area of the tumor, such that the blood vessels that feed the tumor are destroyed.   In this way the cancerous cells are deprived of nutrition and may slowly degenerate.   Gene therapy involves correcting the defect in the DNA so that the cancerous cells do not multiply uncontrollably, or certain molecules are attached which cause the cancerous cell to die (ehealth MD 2004). References: E-Health MD. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2007 Apr 16]. Available from: http://www.ehealthmd.com/library/lymphoma/NHL_treatment.html Mackie, MJ, Ludlam, CA 1996. Diseases of the Blood. Edwards, CRW, Bouchier, IAD, Haslett, C, editors Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine. 17th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 815-821. Portlock, CS, Yahalon, J 2000. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Goldman, L, Bennett, JC, editors Textbook of Medicine. 21st ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. p. 969-977. Shipp, MA, Harris NL 2000. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas. Goldman, L, Bennett, JC, editors Textbook of Medicine. 21st ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. p. 962-969. The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2007 Apr 16]. Available from: http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_page?item_id=7030               

Compare and Contrast North and South Korea Essays

Compare and Contrast North and South Korea Essays Compare and Contrast North and South Korea Paper Compare and Contrast North and South Korea Paper The North Korea is dramatically different compared to the South Korea. Unlike China, which is rapidly developing its economy and diverging from the self-contained world, until this day North Korea still remains undeveloped and backward. Many of those who are not familiar with the affairs in the South and North Koreas might not understand why both regions, which are adjacent to one another, differs so much in terms of political, economic, and social developments. North Korea is a country which focuses heavily on its military forces, promotes a government succeeded by one family line, one autocrat, and one party, and rejects foreign innovations and investments taken place within the country. These, are all the characteristics that lead North Korea to its current backwardness. Compared to South Korean, North Korea was better off after the division of Korea partly because of its physical circumstances. As it could be seen from the geography of Korea, the division between both regions cuts off South Korea from the connecting land. South Korea was then left as an â€Å"island† relying on solely foreign support mainly from the United States. North Korea, on the other hand, had China as its neighbor, allowing it to preserve Korea’s historical origins and its Chinese heritage. The territory within the North Korea border also sustained high level of confidence because the Japanese had previously focused on the northern region for â€Å"industrial development due to its wealth of natural resources, especially its mineral deposits and hydroelectric potential. As a result, it had led to the emergence of northern Koreans whom acquired skills to operate in the industrial fields, leaving North Korea a considerable advantage in terms of human capital. As mentioned that North Korea was geographical connected to China and the Soviet Union, North Korea benefited from the aids given by these two countries and was politically and economically influenced by them. Additionally, China

The History of Fingerprints essays

The History of Fingerprints essays Fingerprints are the one thing that is unique on every single human being. Even twins, though they share the same DNA, have different fingerprints. Fingerprints offer an infallible means of personal identification that can make any case a slam dunk. Though theyve been used for several hundred years, its only been around one hundred that law enforcement has used them to identify criminals. Since then, law enforcement officials have a much easier time identifying a suspect beyond a reasonable doubt. It has been discovered that fingerprints were even used in ancient times. In Babylon, they used fingerprint impressions on clay tablets for business transactions, and in ancient China they have found clay seals with thumb prints on them. In Persia, in the 14th century, a government official, who was also a doctor, noted that no two fingerprints were ever the same. In 1686, an anatomy professor who studied the skin, kidneys, and liver at the University of Bologna, whose name was Malpighia, noticed different patterns in fingerprints. He called them ridges, spirals, and loops, and a layer of skin was even named after him, along with other body parts. He was perhaps the first person to notice and name the patterns of fingerprints, and today those patterns are called whorls, loops, and arches. One of the greatest steps for fingerprinting, was in 1856 when Sir William Herschel began requiring finger or palm prints on contracts. As he collection of prints grew, he discovered their individuality and he realized they could be used to prove or disprove identity. This caused him to use fingerprints for more than just contracts, thus paving the way for the modern use of prints. Another remarkable step in fingerprinting was made by Dr. Henry Faulds. He discovered their uses and made a method of classifying them. He also published an article in the Scientific Journal discussing their use as personal identification and...

The Battle of Pichincha

The Battle of Pichincha On May 24, 1822, South American rebel forces under the command of General Antonio Josà © de Sucre and Spanish forces led by Melchor Aymerich clashed on the slopes of Pichincha Volcano, within sight of the city of Quito, Ecuador. The battle was a huge victory for the rebels, destroying once and for all Spanish power in the former Royal Audience of Quito. Background By 1822, Spanish forces in South America were on the run. To the north, Simà ³n Bolà ­var had liberated the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, part of Ecuador) in 1819, and to the south, Josà © de San Martà ­n had liberated Argentina and Chile and was moving on Peru. The last major strongholds for royalist forces on the continent were in Peru and around Quito. Meanwhile, on the coast, the important port city of Guayaquil had declared itself independent and there were not enough Spanish forces to re-take it: instead, they decided to fortify Quito in hopes of holding out until reinforcements could arrive. First Two Attempts In late 1820, the leaders of the independence movement in Guayaquil organized a small, poorly-organized army and set out to capture Quito. Although they captured the strategic city of Cuenca on the way, they were defeated by Spanish forces at the Battle of Huachi. In 1821, Bolà ­var sent his most trusted military commander, Antonio Josà © de Sucre, to Guayaquil to organize a second attempt. Sucre raised an army and marched on Quito in July 1821, but he, too, was defeated, this time at the Second Battle of Huachi. The survivors retreated to Guayaquil to regroup. March on Quito By January 1822, Sucre was ready to try again. His new army took a different tactic, swinging through the southern highlands on its way to Quito. Cuenca was captured again, preventing communication between Quito and Lima. Sucre’s rag-tag army of approximately 1,700 consisted of a number of Ecuadorians, Colombians sent by Bolà ­var, a troop of British (mainly Scots and Irish), Spanish who had switched sides, and even some French. In February, they were reinforced by 1,300 Peruvians, Chileans and Argentines sent by San Martà ­n. By May, they had reached the city of Latacunga, less than 100 kilometers south of Quito. Slopes of the Volcano Aymerich was well aware of the army bearing down on him, and he placed his strongest forces in defensive positions along the approach to Quito. Sucre did not want to lead his men straight into the teeth of well-fortified enemy positions, so he decided to go around them and attack from the rear. This involved marching his men partway up Cotopaxi volcano and around Spanish positions. It worked: he was able to get into the valleys behind Quito. The Battle of Pichincha On the night of May 23, Sucre ordered his men to move on Quito. He wanted them to take the high ground of Pichincha volcano, which overlooks the city. A position on Pichincha would have been difficult to assault, and Aymerich sent his royal army out to meet him. Around 9:30 in the morning, the armies clashed on the steep, muddy slopes of the volcano. Sucre’s forces had become spread out during their march, and the Spanish were able to decimate their leading battalions before the rear guard caught up. When the rebel Scots-Irish Albià ³n Battalion wiped out a Spanish elite force, the royalists were forced to retreat. Aftermath of the Battle of Pichincha The Spanish had been defeated. On May 25, Sucre entered Quito and formally accepted the surrender of all Spanish forces. Bolà ­var arrived in mid-June to joyous crowds. The battle of Pichincha would be the final warm-up for rebel forces before tackling the strongest bastion of royalists left on the continent: Peru. Although Sucre was already considered a very able commander, the Battle of Pichincha solidified his reputation as one of the top rebel military officers. One of the heroes of the battle was teenage Lieutenant Abdà ³n Calderà ³n. A native of Cuenca, Calderà ³n was wounded several times during the battle but refused to leave, fighting on despite his wounds. He died the next day and was posthumously promoted to Captain. Sucre himself singled out Calderà ³n for special mention, and today the Abdà ³n Calderà ³n star is one of the most prestigious awards given in the Ecuadorian military. There is also a park in his honor in Cuenca featuring a statue of Calderà ³n bravely fighting. The Battle of Pichincha also marks the military appearance of a most remarkable woman: Manuela Senz. Manuela was a native quiteà ±a who had lived in Lima for a time and had been involved in the independence movement there. She joined Sucre’s forces, fighting in the battle and spending her own money on food and medicine for the troops. She was awarded the rank of lieutenant and would go on to become an important cavalry commander in subsequent battles, eventually reaching the rank of Colonel. She is better known today for what happened shortly after the war: she met Simà ³n Bolà ­var and the two fell in love. She would spend the next eight years as the Liberator’s devoted mistress until his death in 1830.

Data privacy in online business (using the example of Amazon.com) Dissertation

Data privacy in online business (using the example of Amazon.com) - Dissertation Example The range of opinions regarding the Amazon.com privacy policy ranges from positive to apprehensive and negative. The evaluators generally felt that overall the policy is fair, with some exceptions. The opt-out policy for sharing private information with other third parties is unclear. According to some evaluators, the consumer is given the impression that Amazon.com does not welcome comments or questions regarding their privacy policy. The link to the policy on each page of the Web site is very small and located at the very bottom of the page, some of which are quite lengthy. In addition, the consumer is instructed within the policy that they are accepting the privacy policy practices just by visiting Amazon.com. Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction Introduction The Internet provides a new means to transmit information over networks. Information can be delivered quickly and economically anywhere. Its ability to increase access to information and entertainment resources has att racted many people. The Internet has become a major source of global information and a marketplace for commercial transactions. It is now spreading a variety of activities quickly and widely. The Internet is particularly attractive to service providers who can use it to reach business partners and customers around the globe at minimal cost. Business companies can now conduct electronic commerce to buy and sell information, products, and services via the Internet. (Alesso & Smith, 2008). The Internet supports business transactions over a digital infrastructure/ and has become a virtual marketplace. This virtual marketplace has in turn become the focus of investments and business. The Internet is an efficient channel for advertising, marketing, and distribution of information goods and services (Schneider, 2006). It is estimated to reduce one fourth of direct marketing costs on the Internet (Donna et al., 2000). Online commercial practices become more efficient as marketing on the Web results in "10 times as many units [sold] with 1/10 the advertising budget" (Porter, 1994: p. 1). The growth of electronic commerce has been impressive. Entrepreneurs can not only communicate and make transactions with their partners through the Internet (the so-called business-to-business marketplace, or B2B), but they can also communicate, provide services, and/or sell products through the Internet to customers. The latter kind of transactions attracts attention because selling and marketing products on the Internet to customers offer several advantages that traditional media or communication devices cannot offer (Cheeseman, 2009). In addition, current technologies put Internet users' navigation and purchasing activities under the surveillance of the business companies they visited within their own Web sites. Those companies can collect personal information about the users, and then use or sell the information. The Internet therefore has become a perfect channel for direct sellin g, marketing, and advertising because it enables business companies and advertisers to reach potential targeted customers. Privacy Concerns The ability of firms to gather end-users' personal information and preferences raises privacy concerns. Several surveys and studies have shown that the public is concerned about their online privacy (Norris, 2001). Countries all over

Reliability of Standardized Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reliability of Standardized Testing - Essay Example If we take into account the basic ideology of standardized testing, it deals with providing information about performance of individual students and also provides an evaluation of the program. In short, we can say that standardized testing makes not only teachers accountable for the poor performance of the students, but also holds the administration equally accountable for the result as well. This is quite pertinent, because the administration is responsible for providing the teachers the basic facilities in order to carry out their jobs, hence the teachers cannot be made scapegoats under this system. Hence this system does have reliability in the sense that every body involved in the education system is accountable to some extent. The reliability of standardized testing has been put under the scanner several times in the past, in fact, as early as in the summer of 1977, at the National Consortium on testing. In this consortium it was decided to "promote a wider understanding of standardized testing among educators, legislators and public at large" (p.2). At that point itself, there was a lot of criticism from a segment of educators and administrators who felt that there had to be changes made in the system. According to Monroe (1924), the standardized tests provided "scientific" and "standard units" (p.7) for measuring the achievements of a student. These arguments are totally valid and indicate the reliability of standardized testing. However, considering there have been enormous changes in the education system, since these comments were made. If we take the current scenario into question, we have to address a host of issues in order to answer this question. There have been a number of testing methodologies that have emerged since then, and in the current scenario, we have to take these into consideration while evaluating the reliability of standardized testing. One of the strongest proponents of standardized testing was Atkinson (2001), who had argued that for use of only standardized tests in admission process in U.S Universities, as he believed that they were quite reliable and provided were fair. He was right in the sense that standardized tests not only provide comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the student, but also strengthen the basic foundation and principles involved in teaching. There are may be varying opinions over standardized testing, but there is no doubt that standardized testing is quite effective efficient. The reliability has often been questioned partly due to the efficiency and effectiveness of this methodology. As mentioned before standardized testing not only evaluates the performance of student, but also tests the efficacy of the teachers, administration and the school itself. In this way everybody involved in the system is accountable and that raises doubts that people involved may get desperate and adopt illegal mechanisms, so that they are not held accountable and this is the reason why the reliability of standardized testing has been questioned. However, the opponents of standardized education system believe that the problem with accountability is that it could cause a cascading effect; in the sense that the teachers may be influenced to design the

CM 1010-07E, BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS (CM1010-07E) Essay - 8

CM 1010-07E, BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS (CM1010-07E) - Essay Example ies that make visual aids effective is the information that the presentation contains along with the ability of the presenter to make the presentation as interactive as possible. The information requires being of high quality. Using audio visuals aids in presentations requires that there is a simple use of drawings and visuals need to be to scale. Also there should be god use of colour and pictures, and the information provided in the presentation should be able to meet up to the amount a human brain can grasp at a time. Also there should be selective use of effect and it is essential that presenters use effects which are not too jarring. Also it is essential to avoid the ‘noise’, i.e. the unnecessary information that comes along with the message. Thus an effective use of visual aids is when there is not over usage of the effects and the presentation is with useful and relevant information which is what the audience

Late Roman, Early Christian and Byzantine Art Essay - 2

Late Roman, Early Christian and Byzantine Art - Essay Example On looking at its interior central upper walls, decorations denoting four pairs of apostles are well placed (Ricci 22). On careful scrutiny, one could not fail to recognize the St. Paul and St. Paul. In addition, this central upper walls in the bay have the apostles acclaiming a given giant cross right at the dome center against the sky blue appearance of the stars (Ricci 23). These apostles appear to be placed floating among clouds. The other bunch of apostles exists in the barrel vaults in the interior of that building (Ricci 24). A careful scrutiny of the lunette existing in the north entrance depicts Christ mosaic depicting a good shepherd taking care of his flock. In his arms, an imperial staff appears to be joined to the given Christian cross, supposing symbolizing a combination of heavenly and earthly domains (Ricci 25). Over the South wall, another lunette can be view, but this one depicting St. Lawrence standing close to a given flaming gridiron (Ricci 27). The gridiron has on its opposite side a bookcase which appears to contain four books. These books have inscribed names of evangelists (Ricci 28). The interior provides a serene atmosphere for Christians as they are made to have their hearts

Evolution of the Stupa in Buddhist Architectural History Essay

Evolution of the Stupa in Buddhist Architectural History - Essay Example most of which were built by Ashok Maurya2. He is reported to have built about 84,000 stupas using the earthen bounds and other materials. However, some of these stupas were damaged later on during the break of Maurya Empire. The best-known stupas are those built at Sanchi, Gaya, Amaravati, and Barhut. However, stupas constructed at Sanchi by Ashoka (273-236 B.C.) are arguably the most striking and remaining stupas of the three3. Situated at the top of the hill, these magnificent stupas have been preserved to show the various stages that the Buddhist architecture and art have developed since the first stupa was constructed in the third century B.C. Report indicates that some of the stupas built by Ashoka at Sanchi were damaged during Maury Empire’s break-up4. However, the damaged stupas were later put up in the second century during the reign of Sungas. Unlike before where stupas were only preserved for important activities, stupas of the second century underwent improvements a nd enlargements, in which a stone railing was constructed around it5. In addition, the newly constructed stupas were embellished with several curved gateways. Le reveals that the Great Stupa is fitted with a large hemispherical flat-topped dome6. At the dome’s basement is a circular terrace, which is meant for circumambulation and an encompassing balustrade. The ground level, on the other hand, has a stone-paved procession gateway, as well as a stone balustrade and steps leading to the circular terrace. The stupa measures approximately 36.60 meters wide and about 16.46 meters tall7. Walls of this stupa are made of mud mortar and burnt ricks. However, it is thought that the elaborate curved Torana were constructed with either metal or ivory in the first century B.C. during king Satakarni’s reign8. This structure later went through different stages of improvements particularly in the fourth century A.D. during the reign of Gupta in which four additional Buddhas calmly si ted in the dhyana were installed at the four entrances. Another big stupa was constructed at Barhut in the 2nd century B.C. during the reign of Sunga. This stupa, like other stupas of this period, had a hemispherical dome made of bricks9. In addition, this stupa was surmounted by a shaft, which arguably signified the spiritual sovereignty of Buddhism. It is also evident that the railing surrounding the stupas is made of red sandstone.10 Moreover, scenes representing the life of Buddha and the Jataka Tales are curved on the entrance, uprights, crossbars, and pillars of the railings. Report also indicates that several other stupas were constructed during this period. In fact, one of the most striking features from the stupa found in Nagajunakonda and Amaravati show that stupas of the northern region were quite different in structure from those of the south11. In this regard, it is evident that there was a shift from the famous Buddhist style, which was purely based on the two dominant Buddhism- Mahayana and Hinayana. Le notes that different styles and trends were used here which gave rise to new forms of architecture such as a square and rectangular image shrine, quadrangular monastery a small stupa on a square platform and pillared hall12. Le notes

Late Roman, Early Christian and Byzantine Art Essay - 2

Late Roman, Early Christian and Byzantine Art - Essay Example On looking at its interior central upper walls, decorations denoting four pairs of apostles are well placed (Ricci 22). On careful scrutiny, one could not fail to recognize the St. Paul and St. Paul. In addition, this central upper walls in the bay have the apostles acclaiming a given giant cross right at the dome center against the sky blue appearance of the stars (Ricci 23). These apostles appear to be placed floating among clouds. The other bunch of apostles exists in the barrel vaults in the interior of that building (Ricci 24). A careful scrutiny of the lunette existing in the north entrance depicts Christ mosaic depicting a good shepherd taking care of his flock. In his arms, an imperial staff appears to be joined to the given Christian cross, supposing symbolizing a combination of heavenly and earthly domains (Ricci 25). Over the South wall, another lunette can be view, but this one depicting St. Lawrence standing close to a given flaming gridiron (Ricci 27). The gridiron has on its opposite side a bookcase which appears to contain four books. These books have inscribed names of evangelists (Ricci 28). The interior provides a serene atmosphere for Christians as they are made to have their hearts

Famous People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Famous People - Essay Example This paper argues that the famous people deserve to have a private life without journalists following them at all times. Famous people and private life One of the prominent figures of the twentieth century, Princess Diana, wife of Prince Charles, died in a car accident in 1997 when the paparazzi or yellow newspaper journalists followed her for knowing more about her private life. â€Å"Later tests showed the driver had been well over the legal alcohol limit, but immediate blame was on the photographers and their seemingly incessant quest to capture images of Diana that could be sold to the press†(Lewis, 2011). In other words, Princess Diana suffered death because of the over ambitions of the paparazzi to make more money by selling hot news about the private life of Diana. Diana and her newly found friend Dodi were inside the car and the photographers followed or chased Diana’s car in an attempt to take hot pictures which resulted in the car accident. The above incident clearly shows that there are instances in which famous people forced to face death because of the unethical behaviors of the journalists. Nobody likes to reveal anything about their private life. Famous people spend most of their times in the lime lights of the media.

Master Budgeting with Supporting Schedule Essay Example for Free

Master Budgeting with Supporting Schedule Essay Cravat Sales Company, a nationwide distributor of a designer’s silk ties with an exclusive franchise on the distribution of the ties, and sales have grown rapidly over the last few years. Your have been given responsibility for all planning and budgeting. Your assignment is to prepare a master budget for the next 3 months, starting April 1st. You are anxious to make a favorable impression on the president and have assembled the information below. The company desires a minimum ending cash balance each month of ,000. The ties are sold to retailers for $8 each. Recent and forecasted sales in units are as follows: The large buildup in sales before and during June is due to Father’s Day. Ending inventories are supposed to equal 90% of the next month’s sales in units. The ties cost the company $5 each. Purchases are paid for as follows: 50% in the month of purchase, and the remaining 50% in the following month All sales are on credit, with no discount, and payable within 15 days, however, only 25% of a month’s sales are collected by month-end. An additional 50% is collected in the following month, and the remaining 25% is collected in the second month following sale. Bad debts have been negligible. The company’s monthly selling and administrative expenses are given below: Variable monthly expenses: Sales commissions (per unit)$1.00 Fixed monthly expenses: Wages and salaries$22,000.00 Utilities$14,000.00 Insurance$1,200.00 Depreciation$1,500.00 Miscellaneous$3,000.00 All selling and administrative expenses are paid during the month, in cash, with the exception of depreciation and insurance expired. Land will be purchased during May for $25,000 cash. The company declares dividends of $12,000 each quarter, payable in the first month of the following quarter. The company’s balance sheet at March 31 is given below: The company has an agreement with a bank that allows it to borrow in increments of $1,000 at the beginning of each month, up to a total loan balance of $40,000. The interest rate on these loans is 1% per month, and for simplicity, we will assume that interest is not compounded. At the end of the quarter, the company would pay the bank all of the accumulated interest on the loan and as much of the loan as possible (in increments of $1,000), while still retaining at least $10,000 in cash. Assignments: Prepare a master budget for the three-month period ending June 30, including: * sales budget by month and in total * schedule of expected cash collections from sales, by month and in total * merchandise purchases budget in units and in dollars, by month and in total * schedule of expected cash disbursements for merchandise purchases, by month and in total * cash budget by month and in total * budgeted income statement for the three-month period ending June 30, with the contribution approach * budgeted balance sheet as of June 30 Solutions: Based on the sale forecast from April to July and the expected cash collection portions in each month (25% 50% 25%) , a sales budget ,a schedule of expected cash collections from sales, a merchandise purchases budget and schedule of expected cash disbursements were calculated and displayed in Table 1. Table 1 – Cravat Sales Company Expected sales, cash collections, and cash disbursements for merchandise purchases Unit: USD The Cravat Sales Company was expected to spend $195,750, $256,250, and $251,250 in cash for purchasing of merchandises in April, May, and June respectively. Totally, it would spend $703,250 within the 2nd quarter. In the first attempt to forecast the cash funding, we found that the company could not borrow less than $40,000 per month as agreed with the bank while maintaining the minimum ending cash balance of $10,000 at the same time. If comply only the borrowing limit, it would keep marginal cash of $2,250 in hands by end of April and suffer severe cash shortage of $37,000 by the end of May.

The Impact Of Globalisation For Children

The Impact Of Globalisation For Children Introduction There are varying definitions of globalisation as it spans across a wide spectrum affecting many aspects of our lives. For this paper, it will focus on evaluating the inferred consequences of globalisation on children and families including poverty, economic growth, political organisations, migration and displacements, inequality, climate change and cultural influence. The challenges faced by children and families are onerous. Whatever the implications and effects, children are most vulnerable. Their lives depend on what we do for them in this age of globalisation. They are our future and how we deal with the various components of globalisation, will affect the future. Political The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), 1989, acts as a paramount umbrella that sets minimum standards for governments to uphold childrens rights to basic needs, healthcare, education, legal and social services in their countries. Currently organisations such as United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), World Bank, World Health Organisation (WHO) and other Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) support developing countries with infrastructural and financial assistance to alleviate poverty and provide care and education to under developing children. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) support developed countries in investing into building human and social capital to increase skills and knowledge to tackle famine. While governments in developed countries take a pro-active role in promoting and establishing national frameworks in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC), these services are operated by private entrepreneurs in developing countries. Equity and accessibility becomes questionable as political alliances between countries and organisations set their own agendas marginalising resource poor countries. For instance, the World Bank, with the US as its biggest investor, works with private corporations serving the interests of rich nations by exploiting the cheap labour and resources from the developing countries. Funds could be better used to assist in raising the standard of living and improve the lives of families and children in poor and developing countries. Economic Economic growth is pivotal to lifting people above the basic sustenance level in developing countries. But focus on economic growth alone does not reduce poverty. Save The Children, 2010, argues that without a more nuanced discussion on the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction, children will not fully gain from the potential benefits of growth. Unequal distribution of wealth and benefits is hampering the banishment of poverty. Policies that favour labour intensive industries such as agriculture and small enterprises have a greater effect on poverty than growth in the financial services. Money may be flooding into the country but only to a select few stand to gain. In terms of child mortality and combating under-nutrition, countries that record moderate economic growth fare the best; those with poor growth had worse results; but surprisingly, countries with outstanding rate of growth did not fare very well (Gabriele and Schettino, 2007). Recent statistics released estimated over 40% reductions in global under-five mortality rate since 1990 (IGME, 2012). Notwithstanding a higher indicator of life chances for children across the globe, the continual widening income gap will cause a reversal in the current improvement of mortality rate. Policies should target specific elements of pro-poor growth strategies that promote equality, redistribution and eradication of poverty. Ultimately, it is the improvement of the quality of life for the poor that matters; where children are given their rightful place in education, child growth, health and opportunities to further their future. Climate Change Climate change has been identified as the biggest global health threat to children in the 21st century (Save the Children, 2009). The Greenhouse effects largely caused by human activities are now experienced by countries throughout the world. The impact made by climate change on food security, healthcare, clean water supply and livelihoods has a profound influence on urbanisation, migration, poverty and armed conflict. Climate change affects national healthcare budgets. Less developed countries already buffeted by the disintegration of healthcare services and infrastructure; grapple with any crippling effects of climate change affecting the economy. The sum effect put children and their families at greatest risk. Children under 5 years are most vulnerable to its consequences. Poor families could be pushed into the deeper end of their troubles bringing about long term consequences on their childrens survival. Millions of children in affected areas suffer from malnutrition and babies are born malnourished and/or with anomalies. For example, children from the poorest 20% of households in many developing countries have up to 5 times the mortality rate of children from the richest 20% households (DHS, 2009). Migration and Displacement Globally, there is an increase in economic migration driven by income disparities, exploitation, and demand for labour. Mass migration leads to growing urbanisation because it is perceived to offer more stability for people who come from agricultural and natural resource-based livelihoods. It is estimated that millions of urban-dwellers in low and middle income countries are living in poverty with lack of access to clean water and decent sanitation (UN-Habitat, 2003). Slums and overcrowding plague many cities where poorly constructed homes and densely populated areas pose greater risks of fires, disease outbreaks and disasters endangering many children. Millions, both poor and affluent, could be displaced by the next 40 to 50 years due to climate change. While most will move within their own countries, many will also cross international borders (UNFCCC, 2008). A research by Save the Children, 2008, found that children tend to move independently or with their parents due to war, natural disasters or to support their families. Moving alone to escape from poverty, exploitation, calamities, pursuing better educational or job opportunities can pose grave dangers for children as they face the risk of exploitation and abuse. The influx of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers to any given country threatens the local infrastructure as it leads to competitive scrambling of health, education and shelter resources which will have serious impact on child survival. Inequality and Social Injustice The richest 5% people in the world receive 114 times the income of the poorest 5% population (Kirby, 2006). The globalisation trend of widening income gap is altering the structures of families, economies and society. Such persistent disparity would result in dire consequences for families and their children in terms of security and social stability. Compared to the poor, children and families from affluent households have better access to healthcare, education, legal and social services. Gender inequality is prevalent in most patriarchal societies. If one gender is considered more economically and socially viable than another, resources would be unequally distributed. Access to services is limited for women and girls in societies where the male gender receives preferential treatment. Globalisation is creating a ballooning underclass that is struggling due to growing income gaps and lack of job opportunities. This presents an ideal environment for international criminal syndicates who are spreading cancerous crimes that exploit and victimise women and children e.g. drug trafficking, human trafficking, illegal trade. Shift in Family Structure Globalisation has reshaped family structures into a more diverse profile. It has altered the roles of parents, women, family structure, and child rearing practices. Today, the traditional role of women as caregivers can be assumed by fathers, extended families, guardians and domestic helps. As more women join the workforce, demand for early childhood services increases provided they are accessible, affordable and of quality. In most patriarchal societies, expectations of child rearing remain the mainstay of women while work, whether formal or informal, adds to their burden. The worldwide trend in increasing divorce rates is pushing the likelihood of single parenthood (usually headed by a woman) as an alternative viable lifestyle in developed and developing countries. Cultural Globalisation Mass migration further extends the perimeters of diversity in multicultural societies. Adjustment to new cultural framework causes transitional disequilibrium from set beliefs to new influences. Culture is transient. Throughout history, the retention, evolution or desertion of personal beliefs were outcomes of exchanges, religious conversions, conquests and colonisation. Cultural beliefs and practices affect family structure and function as well as childrens sense of identity and belonging. In many Asian and sub-Saharan societies, collective mentality is the prevalent social perspective; placing others before self. Child rearing is viewed as a shared responsibility within the interdependent community and such notion deters individualism. Western child rearing philosophies promotes individualism. The exposure of Western influences has not threatened the existence of indigenous cultures but its assimilation may be deemed beneficial. Media and Technology Globalisation facilitates cultural imperialism where the export of movies and music, particularly from the West, has widespread influence in the world. The advent of the internet extends the influence to a far wider reach exposing children to a myriad range of content which can be beneficial or detrimental. Consumer technology is another effect of globalisation. Computers and mobile phones have become an integral part of our lives especially in the affluent societies. Children today are much more conversant with technology. However, over-dependence and overuse of such devices by children could compromise their interactive and inter-personal skills development. The media coupled with technology are influential in shaping values, beliefs and lifestyle. Other Risk Factors AIDS today is a worldwide problem and globalisation has played no small part in the spread of this disease. Numbers are growing in Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. AIDS through heterosexual transmission is prevalent in Africa. Globalisation through geographical mobility extends the spread of the HIV. Women and children with HIV in developing countries are ostracised from the community usually without or with little medical help. Wars not only destroy lives but have detrimental effects on children. Reduced food supply contributes to the lack of nutrition for children. Healthcare becomes scarce as priorities are diverted, for example, money spent on arms instead of vaccinations. Education opportunities are reduced in times of war. Children are separated from their families through death and evacuation usually leading to their abandonment. Conclusion The effects of globalisation affecting families and children are long term and far-reaching. The many issues raised merely highlights the complexities and never-ending debate as to what measures are needed and how they can be implemented for the improvement in quality of life and proper raising of children with the provision of at least the basic necessities. On the macro level, governments and international organisations with vast resources at their disposal, should question their commitment to help. They can certainly do more by putting aside differences, biasness and ulterior motives. Schools, service providers, parents and caregivers should continue to fulfil their responsibilities in making the best effort in the upbringing of children regardless of cultural bias and work demands.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay -- Philosophy Literature Papers

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales After reading explications of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, a student is likely to come away with the impression that the Franklin is the critics favorite punching bag. To the average reader in the modern English-speaking world, the Franklin comes across as surprisingly fair-minded and level-headed, noteworthy as the man kind and inventive enough to resolve the marriage cycle with a tale of decency and openness. The critics, however, often depict the Franklin as a man primarily concerned with upward mobility, finding in his tale a number of remarks intended to win over the nobility and subtly assert his own claim to a kind of nobility. The contrast between the fawning Franklin of certain critical approaches and the open-minded Franklin of the more pedestrian reader can probably be summed up in the word "bourgeois." Some critics find in the Franklin a good example of the less flattering qualities of the word, while modern American readers -- products of a society in which the bourgeois lifestyle is considered the norm -- tend to find in the Franklin an intelligence, style and tolerance often associated with the upwardly mobile or the middle class. His "everybody wins" approach to the problems of the romance might even be an example of what Marxists and anarchists used to decry as bourgeois liberalism. It might be best to first clear up what exactly is meant when we speak of a Marxist critique. Marxist literary criticism is based largely on the Marxist paradigm of historical materialism: the idea that social and cultural institutions -- including art -- are the product of prevailing economic conditions (Murfin 157-158). Not only is the medium the message, Marxists argue, the medium is a commodity which... ...served. Here, whether he likes it or not, the Franklin is forced to endorse the system of contracts which turns Dorigen into a commodity. The success of his story, and possibly the validity of the worldview which produces it, depends on the Franklin's ability to postpone the expression of his listeners doubts -- to postpone them indefinitely, if need be. Perhaps this is why the Franklin is so insistent, at tales end, on asking which character was most generous, and why he insists on hearing answers immediately. His tale of the elimination of maistrye has turned into a tale of people mastered not by each other but by a system of exchange. The best way to hide the maistrye of the marketplace is to offer the audience a chance to argue while directing them away from the shocking moment when the gentillesse of the marketplace tramples on free will and personal integrity.

Prophets :: essays research papers

The Prophets The Prophets, religious sages and charismatic figures, who were perceived as endowed with a divine gift of revelation, preached during the period of the monarchy until a century after the destruction of Jerusalem (586 B.C.E.). Whether as advisers to kings on matters of religion, ethics and politics, or as their critics, under the primacy of the relationship between the individual and God, the prophets were guided by the need for justice and issued powerful commentaries on the morality of Jewish national life. Their revelatory experiences were recorded in books of inspired prose and poetry, many of which were incorporated into the Bible. The enduring, universal appeal of the prophets derives from their call for a fundamental consideration of human values. Words such as those of Isaiah (1:17) -- "Be good, devote yourselves to justice; aid the wronged, uphold the rights of the orphan; defend the cause of the widow" -- continue to nourish humanity's pursuit of social justice. The primary job of a prophet was to arouse the people and the government to repentance and observance. The traditional view is that prophecy was removed from the world after the destruction of the First Temple. Those prophets who are mentioned after that were alive at the time of the destruction. Several explanations are offered for why prophets no longer exist: 1. The fact that the Jews did not heed the calls to repentance of the prophets showed that they were not worthy. When most of the Jews remained in exile after Ezra returned, they showed that they were still not worthy of that level of holiness. The second temple did not have the level of kedushah [holiness] of the first Temple even from the beginning. 2. This was actually a sign of Gd's mercy. Had the Jews had a prophet and continued to disobey (as was probable based on the behavior of the following centuries) even after the punishment of the exile, they would have merited complete destruction. Now they could say that had a prophet come they would have obeyed and thus mitigate the punishment (though some consider the current exile (i.e., the diaspora) to be harsh enough). 3. After the destruction of the first Temple the sages prayed for the removal of the "Evil Inclination" of idolatry.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Huck Essay

Sometimes in literature, authors will use minor characters to highlight important qualities of another character. This approach helps the reader better understand the character since character foiling helps to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Mark Twain uses several character foils, each of which have a different impact on Huck’s moral growth. Throughout the classic American novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck’s friends help to bring out the best of his traits and morals: Buck, Tom and the King and the Duke. ! For example, Tom Sawyer serves as a character foil for Huck Finn. Tom and Huck’s religious beliefs con? ict since Tom believes in genies, and Miss Watson tries to teach Huck what she thinks is right. Huck comes to the conclusion Tom doesn’t know what he is talking about; â€Å"So then I judged that all the stuff was only just one of Tom Sawyer’s lies† (14). As a result, Tom’s ideas lead Huck to form his own beliefs and challenge the majority of peoples’s way of thinking. Tom also foils Huck at the end of the book when he uses his imagination and knowledge of books to corroborate a plan to free Jim. His unrealistic plan aggravates Huck; â€Å"Good land†¦ why, there ain’t no necessity for it† (239). Tom’s foolish childish behavior didn’t bother Huck until now but since Tom is fooling around with Jim’s life and freedom, it makes Huck question his relationship with Tom. Tom’s actions affect Huck is a positive way that help him grow religiously and in maturity. Just as Tom foiled Huck, Twain uses Buck to do the same Buck Grangerford’s lifestyle is not similar to Huck’s which highlights the differences in Huck’s up-bringing. Buck’s home life is much different than Huck’s speci? cally in regards to Buck having someone to wait on him hand and foot: â€Å"My nigger had a monstrous easy time, because I warn’t used to having anybody do anything for me, but Buck’s [slave] was on the jump most of the time† (106). This example shows that Huck is independent and doesn’t need someone to wait on him. Buck can relax and be free of any responsibility. In addition, Buck has â€Å"†¦ a might nice family, and a mighty nice house, too† (99). Buck was raised without the worry of when his next meal was going to be put on the table, or if his father would die from his alcoholism problem. Buck is raised with a fair amount of money, an education, and freedom which Huck lacks. Huck’s lifestyle is the opposite of Buck’s and Twain does this on purpose to express the struggle Huck has with his own life. Not only does Twain use Buck and Tom to foil Huck, he uses the king and the duke to contrast Huck. ! The outlandish, inconsiderate Duke and King affect Huck with their remorseless theft and sel? shness. The con-artists’ plans to take money from the innocent townspeople rub Huck the wrong way but when they want to steal from Mary Jane and the Grangerford’s, Huck won’t stand for it. Huck decides to tell Mary Jane that her â€Å"uncles of yourn ain’t no uncles at all: they’re a couple of frauds- regular dead-beats†, because they just want land and money from the Grangerfords (187). The King and Duke’s actions compel Huck to be mature and tell Mary Jane what is actually going on. Later on in the book, Huck sees the King and the Duke tarred and feathered being chased from the town because of what they have done. Huck realizes he is â€Å"sorry for them poop pitful rascals, it seemed like I couldn’t ever feel any hardness against them any more in the world† (230). Huck thinks back on how he hated them and thought they were scumbags because of what they had done to innocent people. Now he feels bad for them even thought they deserved it. Huck has grown as a person who can forgive instead of keeping a grudge. ! Twain artfully uses Tom, Buck, and the King and the Duke as character foils that help Huck grow morally throughout the book. All three sets of foils are different on purpose because Twain wanted to show the readers the affects other characters can have someone. It does not the age or intelligence of the minor character. Twain’s logic is that using character foil gets his point across because the reader may not have picked up on traits or morals a character has since it was not directly stated. Not only do people affect others in literature, in the real world people’s actions affect others. A small kind gesture can change someone’s mood or attitude for the rest of the day. Or even something someone says might change another person’s outlook on a problem they are having or even larger, their life. The use of character foil is very important in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and more importantly the real world today. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Huck Essay Sometimes in literature, authors will use minor characters to highlight important qualities of another character. This approach helps the reader better understand the character since character foiling helps to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Mark Twain uses several character foils, each of which have a different impact on Huck’s moral growth. Throughout the classic American novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck’s friends help to bring out the best of his traits and morals: Buck, Tom and the King and the Duke. ! For example, Tom Sawyer serves as a character foil for Huck Finn. Tom and Huck’s religious beliefs con? ict since Tom believes in genies, and Miss Watson tries to teach Huck what she thinks is right. Huck comes to the conclusion Tom doesn’t know what he is talking about; â€Å"So then I judged that all the stuff was only just one of Tom Sawyer’s lies† (14). As a result, Tom’s ideas lead Huck to form his own beliefs and challenge the majority of peoples’s way of thinking. Tom also foils Huck at the end of the book when he uses his imagination and knowledge of books to corroborate a plan to free Jim. His unrealistic plan aggravates Huck; â€Å"Good land†¦ why, there ain’t no necessity for it† (239). Tom’s foolish childish behavior didn’t bother Huck until now but since Tom is fooling around with Jim’s life and freedom, it makes Huck question his relationship with Tom. Tom’s actions affect Huck is a positive way that help him grow religiously and in maturity. Just as Tom foiled Huck, Twain uses Buck to do the same Buck Grangerford’s lifestyle is not similar to Huck’s which highlights the differences in Huck’s up-bringing. Buck’s home life is much different than Huck’s speci? ally in regards to Buck having someone to wait on him hand and foot: â€Å"My nigger had a monstrous easy time, because I warn’t used to having anybody do anything for me, but Buck’s [slave] was on the jump most of the time† (106). This example shows that Huck is independent and doesn’t need someone to wait on him. Buck can relax and be free of any responsibility. In addition, Buck has â€Å"†¦ a might nice family, and a mighty nice house, too† (99). Buck was raised without the worry of when his next meal was going to be put on the table, or if his father would die from his alcoholism problem. Buck is raised with a fair amount of money, an education, and freedom which Huck lacks. Huck’s lifestyle is the opposite of Buck’s and Twain does this on purpose to express the struggle Huck has with his own life. Not only does Twain use Buck and Tom to foil Huck, he uses the king and the duke to contrast Huck. ! The outlandish, inconsiderate Duke and King affect Huck with their remorseless theft and sel? shness. The con-artists’ plans to take money from the innocent townspeople rub Huck the wrong way but when they want to steal from Mary Jane and the Grangerford’s, Huck won’t stand for it. Huck decides to tell Mary Jane that her â€Å"uncles of yourn ain’t no uncles at all: they’re a couple of frauds- regular dead-beats†, because they just want land and money from the Grangerfords (187). The King and Duke’s actions compel Huck to be mature and tell Mary Jane what is actually going on. Later on in the book, Huck sees the King and the Duke tarred and feathered being chased from the town because of what they have done. Huck realizes he is â€Å"sorry for them poop pitful rascals, it seemed like I couldn’t ever feel any hardness against them any more in the world† (230). Huck thinks back on how he hated them and thought they were scumbags because of what they had done to innocent people. Now he feels bad for them even thought they deserved it. Huck has grown as a person who can forgive instead of keeping a grudge. ! Twain artfully uses Tom, Buck, and the King and the Duke as character foils that help Huck grow morally throughout the book. All three sets of foils are different on purpose because Twain wanted to show the readers the affects other characters can have someone. It does not the age or intelligence of the minor character. Twain’s logic is that using character foil gets his point across because the reader may not have picked up on traits or morals a character has since it was not directly stated. Not only do people affect others in literature, in the real world people’s actions affect others. A small kind gesture can change someone’s mood or attitude for the rest of the day. Or even something someone says might change another person’s outlook on a problem they are having or even larger, their life. The use of character foil is very important in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and more importantly the real world today.

Know Your Right

Contract A contract is an agreement entered into voluntarily by two parties or more with the intention of creating a legal obligation, which may have elements in writing, though contracts can be made orally. The parties may be natural persons or juristic persons. A contract is a legally enforceable promise or undertaking that something will or will not occur. The word promise can be used as a legal synonym for contract, although care is required as a promise may not have the full standing of a contract, as when it is an agreement without consideration. Case : Hariram a/l Jayaram & Ors v Sentul Raya Sdn BhdSection 56(3) Contracts Act 1950: Effect of acceptance of performance at time other than that agreed upon Summary Mr Hariram (Plaintiff) agreed to purchase condominium units from the developer (defendant) under the sale and purchase agreement The defendant had failed to hand over vacant possession of the condominium units to the plaintiffs and to complete the common facilities withi n 36 months as stipulated by the agreements. For these reasons, and relying on the agreements, the plaintiffs contended that the defendant was liable to pay the plaintiffs a total sum of RM1,592,074. 9 as liquidated damages. In opposing the plaintiffs’ application, the defendant raised two legal issues for the determination of the court, namely: (i) whether s 56(3) of the Contracts Act 1950 (‘the Contracts Act’) would operate to exclude a claim for liquidated ascertained damages and (ii) whether the terms of the sale and purchase agreements can be said to operate to entitle the plaintiffs to liquidated ascertained damages in any event despite the provisions of s 56(3) of the Contracts Act as to the requirement of the relevant notices. 6 element of Contract . Offer. It is the definite expression (oral or written) or an overt action which begins the contract. It is simply what is offered to another for the return of that person's promise to act. 2. Acceptance. As a general proposition of law, the acceptance of the offer made by one party by the other party is what creates the contract. 3. Consideration. It may be money or may be another right, interest, or benefit, or it may be a detriment, loss or responsibility given up to someone else. Consideration is an absolutely necessary element of a contract. 4.Capacity of the Parties to Contract. In general, all people have a capacity to contract. A person who is trying to avoid a contract would have to plead his or her lack of capacity to contract against the party who is trying to enforce the contract. 5. Intent of the Parties to Contract. It is a basic requirement to the formation of any contract, that there has to be a mutual assent of the parties on all proposed terms and essential elements of the contract 6. Object of the Contract. A contract is not enforceable if its object is considered to be illegal or against public policy.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 25

Leadership - Essay Example An important skill that leaders must possess is communication skills. A good leader must have superb verbal and written communication skills. Verbal communication skills are required to inspire others to achieve a higher level of performance. Managers are responsible over the performance of the company and its entire staff. Excellent communication skills are needed by managers because they are require to submit different reports to a variety of stakeholder groups which include lenders, employees, suppliers, government, board of directors, and investors. Active listening skills are important for leaders to possess. The use of active listening implies fully concentrating on what is being said rather than just passively ‘hearing’ the message of the speaker (Skillsyouneed). A leader must have excellent analytical abilities due to the fact that leaders are exposed to vast amounts of information. He must be able to dissect information in order to make good operating decisions. Since leaders have to interact with lots of persons the leader must have good people and interpersonal skills. â€Å"Interpersonal skills are measures of how adept you are at interacting with others† (Ncsu). Leaders are assertive and have confidence in themselves. Two important abilities that leaders have are collaboration and teamwork. Teamwork has become a critical success factor in the 21st century. Leadership skills can be enhanced through the use of teamwork. Negotiation skills are also a part of the skill set of a leader. An important role that a leader must perform is to motivate others. A technique that leaders such as managers can use to motivate others is intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. An example of an extrinsic reward is offering financial incentives such as bon uses, while an intrinsic reward could be giving an employee a pad in the back for a job well done. Using teamwork can help develop the leadership, communication, and problem solving skills of the staff. A

ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Essay Example In most cases, the novel meets unfavorable criticism about the limitations faced by females. She describes her role as the mother and does her best to portray the best motherhood and wife of the family. I this situation, the place of women in the American society is taken as care givers and housewives whose mandate is to take care of their children. In another occasion, after the death of John, Alcott is faced with difficult responsibilities. She takes in a full responsibility to provide for the family. This is taken as deviant within the society. Women became victims of the patriarchy society. However, in the story, Loisa felt much distressed by her poor family and felt responsible to play her part. She is considered a heroin in the way she went against the feminism and played her role as the only family bread winner. The death of her husband gave her much humility which later helped her in the fight for feminism in America (Knellwolf et al., 2001). In â€Å"the things they carried†, the cast is comprised of soldiers with the narrator being one of them. Different soldiers are distinguished through out the story by the items that they carry. O’ Brien points out the things carried by the soldiers who include both emotional and physical, whereby they all carry major military items (Knellwolf et al., 2001). The ambiguity of war and the tenuousness of morality demonstrate how exposure to the carnage of the nations at war leads to soldiers developing twisted perspectives on what is right and wrong. The ambiguity that consumes the narratives of the things they carried is displayed with much irony for the moral. In such stories, it is depicted that there is no moral at all. O’ Brien is much affected by the theory of psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud. Soldiers are said to walk around the fire in a state of much boredom and tension. This tension drives them crazy. In this situation, O’Brien describes the way the y cover their fear in a rational

Is Talkback Radio Important for Democracy in Australia Essay

Is Talkback Radio Important for Democracy in Australia - Essay Example Talkback radio, in its present function is not working as it should be to facilitate democratic practice in Australia. Commonly known as talk radio, talkback radio is a type of radio format giving Australian listeners a venue to discuss political and other current issues (en.wikipedia.org). 1 Democracy is government of the people, for the people and by the people. Given the context of both, it is not unexpected to assume that the prior supports the latter. Talkback radio ideally is democracy in action.Talkback radio's history in Australia dates back to the mid 1920's but was not made legal until the late 1960's. It was not officially permitted as, in radio; there is a difficulty to screen libelous and offensive calls. Following the lifting of previously strict regulations and the development of a tape delay system, talkback radio started being visible once again in 1967. It, however, grew bigger in the 1992 when the Broadcasting Act brought commercial radio deregulation and instead o f its news and current affairs programs being hosted by "journalists", these were handled by "entertainers." 2Why these radio personalities who were considered stars in their own right were classified as entertainers is clearly explained in Adam's and Burton's TALKBACK: Emperor's of Air. Adam's and Burton explained that the infamous talkback radio hosts are, in fact, only presenters. By this, it means that "their involvement is [that] few moments of autocue reading (11)." In this type of arrangement, there are reporters and producers who gather, interpret and develop the data. The final product shall then be broadcasted by the talkback radio host, the figurehead of the show (Adams and Burton 11). The implication of this is that figureheads wield power. While it is plausible that some, although not all, radio show hosts have a limited knowledge of a topical issue, their stand and their opinions greatly influence that of the general public. Two of the most popular radio stations broadcasting talkback radio in Australia, credited mostly to its right-wing hosts, are 2UE and 2GB. The previous began its broadcasting stint 26 January 1925 and was originally called 2EU. The station offers current affairs program in the mornings with and in the afternoons and evenings a more relaxed programming. 2GB that started its operation in 1926 runs on a similar format as that of 2UE. While both are widely accepted, 2GB is considered the more influential of the two. 3 It will be incomplete to mention the two rival stations without considering the major role of their popular programs' figureheads in the growing popularity of both talkback radio stations - John Laws and Alan Jones. Radio Manager of 2UE even, confidently, stated that Laws and Jones "were the two most powerful men in the country, after the Prime Minister (qtd. fr TALKBACK: Emperors of the Air)." 3 For more information please refer to and . John Laws who has worked for various radio stations and even had a short stint at television before settling at 2UE. 4 Laws' return to 2UE propelled the station's rise to the number one spot. Laws' programs are syndicated in Australia and are very much popular in the rural areas. His programs tackle newsworthy issues; even then, he is not a journalist per se, merely a presenter. Notwithstanding Laws' seeming lack of in-depth knowledge of the issues he is tackling, given that he only echoed to the public what was gathered by station reporters, his appeal was nothing short of astounding. His authority influenced much of the listeners' opinions and actions. The same is true for Alan Jones' control over the affairs of the masses and even the political units. According to

Same sexual-marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Same sexual-marriage - Essay Example First, on the historical ground, it is noted that the first recoded statement of people with the same biological sex who fall in love was in U.S, the University of Minnesota. Two students by the name John Richard and his lover McConnel Micheal fell in love, and when the pleasure grew to uncontrollable situation, they matched to county district court, for a request of marriage (Burns 120). This dramatic event occurred in 1970, particularly the eighth day of the fifth month. Unfortunately, it is in tabulation that the Court- Clerk by then Mr. Nelson Gerald declined the application, on the ground that both the applicants were men. This marked the beginning of  Ã‚  unending journey of love. With the knowledge they had concerning Minnesota law, the two applicants went ahead to sue Nelson, who was the Clerk by then handling the case, arguing that Minnesota laws do not mention anything to do with gender. In favor of Nelson, the trial court was not impressed with the claim and so they agre ed with Nelson. Nonetheless, the two lovers went ahead to seek the Supreme Courts intervention (Edwards 232). Still, since it was the first thing to be heard in America, the couple faced a rebuff again. However, the journey had been ignited. After several rejection and constitutional bans on the same sexual marriage, the Netherlands opened up. It is documented that in 1979, the Netherland country loosened up to the extent of adopting the unregistered cohabitation. Therefore, couple of the same sex could cohabitate, although not under a registered permit. This further, was forced to enter into scheme on the ground of being a civil status in rent law. Consequently, Netherlands was the first country to embrace same sexual marriage, and that they permitted the couples to apply for limited rights on the same. This wave moved across the world

The Revolution in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Revolution in America - Essay Example In the evening of 26th August 1765, the home of the Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor and Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson was attacked by a mob from Boston while he was eating dinner with his family. The group broke into his home and looted and stole a large number of possessions from there, however, the Hutchinson family manages to escape just in time to avoid a bloody disaster. The Stamp Act Congress was formed and met in New York where the conflict that took place in Virginia was resolved and this paved the way for the first united coalition of the North American colonies. A new series of colonial taxes followed suit in 1767 called the Townshend Duties and would be accepted by the colonists as they were in charge of controlling trade. In Boston, things had not been faring well as a Non-Importation Agreement was issued by the merchants and traders with a condition of not importing anything that was manufactured and came from Great Britain in order to protest against the taxes, spec ifically the Townshend Duties that had been levied by the Parliament. In 1768, the Boston riots broke out as John Hancock’s ship was attacked by the British royal troops, for having violated laws relating to trade. This made the Parliament strict in its attitude and posted more British troops near the ports and waters in order to regulate the law; however, these stationed troops were soon hassled by Bostonians and led to the death of some troops. It soon became a massacre as more and more people began to get involved and this entire episode.... He assembled people to raid the British and destroy their forts and buildings as a sign of protest. Before this however, in November 1763, a group known as the Paxton Boys that consisted of half a hundred Scottish and Irish men, massacred a formidably large Indian population in Pennsylvania and blamed the state government of being lenient and biased towards the natives. This enraged them and they aimed for equality, thus displaying their wants through a series of attacks. The British were extremely powerful and counter attacked Pontiac and his tribes which led to signing of the Proclamation of 1763 which forbade any American colonist from settling on Native American territory unless he had permission to do so by the means of either purchase or treaty. All these incidents led to the end of salutary neglect and subsequently, in April of 1763, the First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer took office in London – George Grenville. In the year 1764, he enforced the Navigation Act and also passed the Sugar Act according to which sugar would then be taxable as three pennies on molasses so that the costs that were incurred by the British government during the war with France could be undertaken in the form of payment and recovered so that the benefits would ultimately go to England. The colonial Americans however were taken aback by the amount of tax on the sugar molasses and expected it to be two pence per piece at the most because of which they began to then protest in order to remain in business. Apart from this, he also enforced the Currency Act by which he stopped the circulation of paper currency; the Stamp Act as per which taxes were imposed on printed materials; and the Quartering Act by which